Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Orbit
|
bony socket of the skull that surrounds and protects the eye along with the attached muscles, nerves, vessels, ad tear producing glands
|
|
|
Sclera
|
the external layer. the opaque tissue making up the whites of the eye
|
|
|
Uvea
|
middle layer of eye. this layer consists of choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.
|
|
|
Iris
|
colored portion of the external eye; center opening is the pupil
|
|
|
retina
|
innermost layer of the eye, delicate structure made up of sensory receptors that transmit impulses to the optic nerve. contains rods and cones.
|
|
|
optic fundus
|
area at the inside back of the eye that can be seen with an opthalmoscope. contains the optic disc.
|
|
|
Emmetropia
|
the perfect refraction of the eye: with the lens at rest, light rays from a distant source are focused into a sharp image on the retina
|
|
|
hyperopia
|
farsightedness. occurs when the eye does not refract light enough falls behind the retina.
|
|
|
myopia
|
nearsightedness. occurs when the eye overrefracts or overbends the light.
|
|
|
astigmatism
|
a refractive error caused by unevenly curved surfaces on or in the eye.
|
|
|
miosis
|
pupillary constriction
|
|
|
mydriasis
|
pupillary constriction
|
|
|
accommodation
|
process of maintaining a clear visual image when the gaze is shifted from a distant to a near object
|
|
|
acrus senilis
|
opaque, bluish white ring within the outer edge of the cornea, is caused by fat deposits. does not affect vision
|
|
|
Aging appearance of eyes
|
eyes appear sunken. acrus senilis forms. sclera yellows or appears blue. do not use eye appearance as an indicator for hydration status. reassure pt this change does not affect vision. do not use sclera to assess for jaundice.
|
|
|
aging cornea
|
flattens, which blurs vision. encourage older adults to have regular eye examinations and wear prescribed corrective lenses for best vision.
|
|
|
aging ocular muscles
|
muscle strength is reduced, making it more difficult to maintain an upward gaze or maintain a single image. reassure the pt this is normal and to refocus gaze frequently to maintain a single image.
|
|
|
aging lens
|
elasticity is lost, increasing the near point of vision (making the near point of best vision farther away). encourage pt to wear corrective lenses for reading. stress yearly vision checks.
|
|
|
aging iris
|
decrease in ability to dilate results in small pupil size and poor adaptation to darkness. teach older adults the need for good lighting for best vision to avoid tripping and bumping into objects.
|
|
|
aging pupil
|
pupil size is smaller, reducing the ability to see in dim light. teach older adults the need for good lighting for best vision to avoid tripping and bumping into objects.
|
|
|
aging color vision
|
discrimination among greens, blues, and violets decreases. the pt may not be able to use dipstick or other color-indicator monitors of health status
|
|
|
aging tears
|
tear production is reduced, resulting in dry eyes, discomfort, and increased risk for corneal damage or eye infections. teach pt to use saline drops to reduce dryness. teach pt to increase humidity in the home.
|
|
|
pruritus
|
itching
|
|
|
photophobia
|
sensitivity to light
|
|
|
exopthalmos
|
(proptosis) protrusion of the eye.
|
|
|
enophthalmos
|
the sunken appearance of the eye.
|
|
|
ptosis
|
eyelid drooping
|
|
|
anisocoria
|
noticeable difference in the size of pupils.
|
|
|
consensual response
|
constriction of the left pupil when light is shined at the right.
|
|
|
nystagmus
|
an involuntary and rapid twitching of the eyeball, normal for the far lateral gaze.
|
|
|
ishihara chart
|
test for color vision, number inside color dots.
|
|
|
pinna
|
part of external ear that is composed of cartilage covered by skin and attached to the head
|
|
|
mastoid process
|
the bony ridge located over the temporal bone behind the pinna
|
|
|
tympanic membrane
|
eardrum. the ear drum separates the external ear and the middle ear.
|
|
|
cerumen
|
ear wax
|
|
|
middle ear
|
epitympaum, bony ossicles malleus incus stapes
|
|
|
malleus
|
hammer
|
|
|
incus
|
anvil
|
|
|
stapes
|
stirrup
|
|
|
inner ear
|
semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule, and distal eighth cranial nerve
|
|
|
aging pinna
|
becomes elongated because of loss of subQ tissues and decreased elasticity. reassure the pt that this is normal and does not indicate a problem. when positioning a pt on his or her side, take care not to fold the ear under the head.
|
|
|
aging canal
|
hair in the canal becomes coarser and longer, especially in men. reassure the pt that this is normal. the pt may require more frequent ear irrigation to keep cerumen from clumping in the hair.
|
|
|
aging cerumen
|
cerumen is dryer and impacts more easily, reducing hearing function. teach the pt to irrigate the ear canal weekly or whenever he/she notices a change in hearing.
|
|
|
aging tympanic membrane
|
t.m. loses elasticity and may appear dull and retracted. do not use this finding as the only indication of otitis media
|
|
|
aging hearing
|
hearing acuity decreases (in some people). establish that a hearing deficiency exists, using simple, noninvasive tests such as the voice test and the watch test. if a deficit is present, refer the pt to an ear, nose and throat specialist to determine what type of hearing loss is present and wat can be done to improve hearing. do not assume all older adults have a hearing loss
|
|
|
aging hearing loss
|
the ability to hear high-frequency sounds is lost first. older adults may have particular problems hearing the f s sh and pa sounds. proved a quiet environment when speaking (close the door to the hall), and face the pt. if pt wears glasses, be sure they are wearing them to see your lips and facial expression to enhance speech understanding. speak slowly and in a deeper voice, emphasize beginning word sounds. some pt with a hearing loss that is not corrected may benefit from wearing a stethoscope while listening to you speak.
|
|
|
vertigo
|
spinning sensation
|
|
|
tinnitus
|
ringing of the ear
|
|
|
tophi
|
painless nodules on the pinna
|
|
|
conductive hearing loss
|
which results from physical obstruction of sound wave transmission such as a foregn body in the external canal, a retracted or bulging tympanic membrane or fused bony ossicles
|
|
|
sensorineural hearing loss
|
results from a defect in the cochlea, the 8th cranial nerve, or the brain itself. exposure to loud noise and music may cause this type of hearing loss as a result of damage to the cochlear hair cells
|
|
|
mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss
|
a profound hearing loss resulting from both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
conditions as close to normal as possible
|
|
|
extracellular fluid
|
fluid outside the cells ECF. includes interstitial fluid. about one third of bodies water
|
|
|
intracellular fluid
|
ICF fluid inside the cells. contains about 25L of h20
|
|
|
interstitial fluid
|
fluid between cells (third space)
|
|
|
transcellular fluid
|
fluids in special body spaces and include cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and pleural fluid.
|
|
|
solvent
|
the water portion of fluids
|
|
|
solutes
|
the particles dissolved or suspended in the water.
|
|
|
filtration
|
the movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane. occurs because of differences in water volume pressing against the confining walls of the space.
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
water molecules in a confined space constantly press outward against the confining walls.
|
|
|
equilibrium
|
if the hydrostatic pressure is the same in both fluid spaces there is no pressure difference between the two spaces
|
|
|
disequilibrium
|
hydrostatic pressure is not the same in both spaces.
|
|
|
gradient
|
the two spaces are at a disequilibrium. one space has a higher hydrostatic pressure than the other.
|
|
|
edema
|
tissue swelling with fluid collection. develops with changes in normal hydrostatic pressure differences, such as in pt with right-sided heart failure. volume of blood in the right side of the heart increases greatly . as blood backs up into the venous system, venous hydrostatic pressure rises, which causes capillary hydrostatic pressure to rise until it is higher than the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space. excess filtration of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space occurs, forming visible edema.
|
|
|
diffusion
|
free movement of particles (solute) across a permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (DOWN the concentration gradient). important in the transport of most electrolytes and particles through cell membranes.
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
facilitated transport. diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a membrane-altering system (insulin).
|
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of water only through a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane. a membrane must separate two fluid spaces and one space must have particles that cannot move through the membrane.
|
|
|
osmolarity
|
the number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution
|
|
|
osmolality
|
the number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution.
|
|
|
isosmotic (isotonic)
|
when all body fluids have 300 mOsm/L
|
|
|
hyperosmotic (hypertonic)
|
osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L. these fluids have greater osmotic pressure and tend to pull water from osotonic fluid space into the hypertonic fluid space until osmotic balance occurs.
|
|
|
hypo-osmotic (hypotonic)
|
fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L. have a lower osmotic pressure and water is pulled from the hypotonic fluid space into the isotonic fluid space
|
|
|
solubility
|
how well a particle type dissolves in water. fluuids that have particcles with a greater solubility have higher osmotic pressures
|
|
|
aging skin
|
loss of elasticity. decreased turgor. decreased oil production. an unreliable indicator of fluid status. dry easily damaged skin
|
|
|
aging renal
|
decreased glomerular filtration. decreased concentrating capacity. poor excretion of waste products increased water loss
|
|
|
aging muscular
|
decreased muscle mass. decreased total body water. greater risk of dehydration
|
|
|
aging neurologic
|
diminished thirst reflex. decreased fluid intake, increasing the risk of dehydration.
|
|
|
aging endocrine
|
adrenal atrophy. poor regulation of sodium and potassium, predisposing the pt to hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
|
|
|
lymph fluid
|
similar to blood plasma but contains less protein. lymph moves slowly because it has no pump.
|
|
|
obligatory urine output
|
400-600 ml per day. minimum volume needed to excrete toxic waste products. if not excreted in 24 hrs, wastes are retained and can cause lethal electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and toxic buildup of nitrogen.
|
|
|
insensible water loss
|
water loss from skin, lungs and stool. cannot be controlled.
|
|
|
dehydration
|
fluid intake less than what is needed to meet the body's fluid needs, resulting in a fluid volume deficit.
|
|
|
hypovolemia
|
circulating blood volume is decreased. leads to inadequate tissue perfusion.
|
|
|
postural hypotension (orthostatic)
|
hypotension when standing
|
|
|
hypoxia
|
decreased blood volume perceived by the body as decreased oxygen levels
|
|
|
hemoconcentration
|
increased osmolarity or concentration of the blood
|
|
|
fluid overload
|
over hydration. excess of body fluid. may be either an actual excess of total body fluid or a relative fluid excess.
|
|
|
fluid over load cardiovascular changes
|
increased pulse rate, bounding pulse quality, full peripheral pulses, elevated bp, decreased pulse pressure, elevated central venous pressure, distended neck and hand veins, engorged varicose veins, weight gain
|
|
|
fluid overload respiratory changes
|
increased respiratory rate, shallow respirations, increased dyspnea with exertion or in the supine position, moist crackles present on auscultation
|
|
|
fluid overload skin and mucous membrane changes
|
pitting edema in dependent areas, skin pale and cool to touch
|
|
|
fluid overload neuromuscular changes
|
altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances, skeletal muscle weakness, paresthesias
|
|
|
fluid overload gastrointestinal changes
|
increased motility, enlarged liver.
|
|
|
hemodilution
|
excessive water in the vascular space. decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum protein levels may result from excessive water in the vascular space
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
are substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge.
|
|
|
cations
|
positive charges
|
|
|
anions
|
negative charges
|
|
|
sodium (na+)
|
mineral, and is the major cation in the extracellular fluid and maintains ecf osmolarity.
|
|
|
Sodium level
|
135-145 mmol/L
sodium level is vital for skeletal muscle contraction, cardiac contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and normal osmolarity and volume in the ECF |
|
|
Hyponatremia
|
Sodium level below 136 mEq/L.
|
|
|
causes of hyponatremia
|
excessive diaphoresis, diuretics, wound drainage, decreased secretion of aldosterone, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, npo, low salt diet.
excessive ingestion of hypotonic fluids, psychogenic polydipsia, freshwater submersion accident, renal failure (nephrotic syndrome), irrigation with hypotonic fluids, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hyperglycemia, heart failure. |
|
|
cerebral changes of hyponatremia
|
depressed activity, excessive activity, cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hyponatremia
|
general muscle weakness, deep tendon reflexes diminish.
|
|
|
intestinal changes in hyponatremia
|
increased motility causing nausea diarrhea and abdominal cramping.
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hyponatremia
|
hypovolemia (decreased plasma volume) rapid, weak, thready pulse, bp decreased, severe orthostatic hypotension.
|
|
|
hypernatremia
|
serum sodium level over 145 mEq/L . usually see this in pt with dehydration
|
|
|
causes of hypernatremia
|
hyperaldosteronism, renal failure, corticosteroids, cushing's syndrome or disease, excessive oral sodium ingestion, excessive administration of sodium-containing IV-fluids.
NPO, increased rate of metabolism, fever, hyperventilation, infection, excessive diaphoresis, watery diarrhea, dehydration |
|
|
nervous system changesin hypernatremia
|
altered cerebral function. pt short attention span, agitated or confused, pt lethargic, drowsy, stuporous, and even comatose.
|
|
|
skeletal muscle changes in hypernatremia
|
muscle twitching and irregular muscle contraction. as Na rises, muscles are less able to respond to a stimulus and become progressively weeker. deep tendon reflexes are reduced.
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hypernatremia
|
decreased contractility pulse rate and bp may be normal, above normal, or below normal depending on fluid volume and how rapidly the imbalance occurred. bounding pulses. neck veins are distended
|
|
|
Potassium level
|
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
depolarization and generation of action potentials, as well as regulating protein synthesis and glucose use and storage. |
|
|
hypokalemia level
|
below 3.5 mEq/L. can be life threatening because every body system is affected
|
|
|
respiratory changes with hypokalemia
|
are likely because of weakness of the muscles needed for breathing. skeletal muscle weakness results in shallow respiration, Q2hours, respiratory insuficiency
|
|
|
musculoskeletal changes with hypokalemia
|
skeletal muscle weakness, decreased response to deep tedon reflex stimulation. flaccid paralysis.
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes with hypokalemia
|
pulses are thready and weak, palpation is difficult, pulse is easily blocked with light pressure, can range from slow to rapid, and an irregular heartbeat. bo orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
neurologic changes with hypokalemia
|
shorterm irritability and anxiety followed by lethargy that progresses to acute confusion and coma as hypokalemia worsens
|
|
|
intestinal changes with hypokalemia
|
decrease, hypoactive bowel sounds, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and abdominal distention.
|
|
|
causes of hypokalemia
|
inappropriate or excessive use of drugs (diuretics, digitalis, corticosteroids), increased secretion of aldosterone, cushing's syndrome, diarrhea, vomiting, wound drainage, prolonged nasogastric suction, heat-induced excessive diaphoresis, renal disease impairing reabsorption of potassium, npo, alkalosis, hyperinsulinism, hyperalimentation, total parenteral nutrition, water intoxication, iv therapy with potassium-poor solutions
|
|
|
hyperkalemia
|
serum potassium greater than 5.0 mEq/L. cardiovascular changes are the most severe problems from hyperkalemia and are the most common cause of death in pts.
|
|
|
causes of hyperkalemia
|
overingestion of potassium-containing foods or medications (salt substitutes, potassium chloride, rapid infusion of potassium containing iv solution, bolus iv potassium injections), transfusions of whole blood or packed cells, adrenal insufficiency (addison's disease, adrenalectomy), renal failure, potassium-sparing diuretics.
tissue damage, acidosis, hyperuricemia, uncontrolled diabetes |
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hyperkalemia
|
bradycardia, hypotension, and ECG changes of tall peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, flat or absent P waves and wide QRS complexes. ectopic beats, complete heart block asystole and ventricular fibrillation are life threatening.
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hyperkalemia
|
twitch, tingling and burning sensations followed by numbness in hands and feet and around mouth. muscle weakness followed by flaccid paralysis.
|
|
|
intestinal changes in hyperkalemia
|
increased motility. diarrhea and spastic colonic activity.
|
|
|
Calcium level
|
9.0-10.5 mg/dL. is a mineral that functions closely relate to phosphorus and magnesium. absorption of dietary calcium requires the active form of vitamin D. calcium is stored in bones. parathyroid hormone. thyrocalcitonin.
|
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
serum calcium level below 9.0 mg/dl.
|
|
|
causes of hypocalcemia
|
inadequate oral intake of calcium, lactose intolerance, malabsorption syndromes (celiac sprue, crohn's disease), inadequate intake of vitamin D, end-stage kidney disease, renal failure, diarrhea, steatorrhea, wound drainage.
hyperproteinemia, alkalosis, calcium chelators or binders, citrate, mithramycin, penicillamine, sodium cellulose phospate (calcibind), aredia, acute pancreatitis, hyperphosphatemia, immobility, removal or destruction of parathyroid glands. |
|
|
nueromuscular changes in hypocalcemia
|
first in hands and feet, paresthesias, actual muscle twitching or painful cramps and spasms. tingling may also affect the lips, nose, and ears. test with trousseau's and chvostek's signs.
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hypocalcemia
|
heart rate may be slower or slightly faster than normal with weak, thready pulse, severe hypotension.
|
|
|
intestinal changes of hypocalcemia
|
increased peristaltic activity, painful cramping and diarrhea
|
|
|
skeletal changes in hypocalcemia
|
loss of bone density, thinner more brittle and fragile.
|
|
|
hypercalcemia levels
|
above 10.5mg/dL. effects of hypercalcemia occur first in excitable tissues. all systems are affected.
|
|
|
causes of hypercalcemia
|
excessive oral intake of calcium, excessive oral intake of vitamin d, renal failure, use of thiazide diuretics.
hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, hyperthyoidism, immobility, use of glucocorticoids, dehydration. |
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hypercalcemia
|
increase HR and BP, depressed electrical conduction (slowing hr)
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hyperkalemia
|
bradycardia, hypotension, and ECG changes of tall peaked T waves, prolonged PR intervals, flat or absent P waves and wide QRS complexes. ectopic beats, complete heart block asystole and ventricular fibrillation are life threatening.
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hyperkalemia
|
twitch, tingling and burning sensations followed by numbness in hands and feet and around mouth. muscle weakness followed by flaccid paralysis.
|
|
|
intestinal changes in hyperkalemia
|
increased motility. diarrhea and spastic colonic activity.
|
|
|
Calcium level
|
9.0-10.5 mg/dL. is a mineral that functions closely relate to phosphorus and magnesium. absorption of dietary calcium requires the active form of vitamin D. calcium is stored in bones. parathyroid hormone. thyrocalcitonin.
|
|
|
hypocalcemia
|
serum calcium level below 9.0 mg/dl.
|
|
|
causes of hypocalcemia
|
inadequate oral intake of calcium, lactose intolerance, malabsorption syndromes (celiac sprue, crohn's disease), inadequate intake of vitamin D, end-stage kidney disease, renal failure, diarrhea, steatorrhea, wound drainage.
hyperproteinemia, alkalosis, calcium chelators or binders, citrate, mithramycin, penicillamine, sodium cellulose phospate (calcibind), aredia, acute pancreatitis, hyperphosphatemia, immobility, removal or destruction of parathyroid glands. |
|
|
nueromuscular changes in hypocalcemia
|
first in hands and feet, paresthesias, actual muscle twitching or painful cramps and spasms. tingling may also affect the lips, nose, and ears. test with trousseau's and chvostek's signs.
|
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hypocalcemia
|
heart rate may be slower or slightly faster than normal with weak, thready pulse, severe hypotension.
|
|
|
intestinal changes of hypocalcemia
|
increased peristaltic activity, painful cramping and diarrhea
|
|
|
skeletal changes in hypocalcemia
|
loss of bone density, thinner more brittle and fragile.
|
|
|
hypercalcemia levels
|
above 10.5mg/dL. effects of hypercalcemia occur first in excitable tissues. all systems are affected.
|
|
|
causes of hypercalcemia
|
excessive oral intake of calcium, excessive oral intake of vitamin d, renal failure, use of thiazide diuretics.
hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, hyperthyoidism, immobility, use of glucocorticoids, dehydration. |
|
|
cardiovascular changes in hypercalcemia
|
increase HR and BP, depressed electrical conduction (slowing hr). cyanosis and pallor, allows blood clots to form more easily.
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hypercalcemia
|
severe muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes without parasthesia. confusion and lethargy to coma.
|
|
|
intestinal changes in hypercalcemia
|
decreased peristalsis. constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. distention.
|
|
|
phosphorus level
|
3.0-4.5 mg/dL. most phosphorus can be found in the bones. phosphorus is needed for activating vitamins and enzymes, forming adenosine triphosphate, and assisting in cell growth and metabolism. calcium and phosphorus exist in a balanced reciprocal relationship.
|
|
|
hypophosphatemia
|
serum phosphorus level below 3.0 mEq/L. most of the effects of hypophosphatemia are related to decreased energy metabolism and imalances of other electrolytes and body fluids.
|
|
|
cause of hypophosphatemia
|
malnutrtion, starvation, use of aluminum hydroxide-based antacids, use of magnesium based antacids, hyperparathyoidism, hyercalcemia, renal failure, malignancy, hyperglycemia, hyperalimentation, respiratory alkalosis, uncontrolled diabetes, alcohol abuse.
decreased renal excretion resulting from renal insufficiency, tumor lysis syndrome, increased intake of phosphorus, hypoparathyoidism |
|
|
cardiac changes in hypophosphatemia
|
decreased stroke volume and decreased cardiac output, peripheral pulses are slow, difficult to find and easy to block. cardiac depression.
|
|
|
musculoskeletal changes in hypophosphatemia
|
weak skeletal muscles that progress to acute muscle break down(rhabdomyolysis). respiratory failure.
|
|
|
central nervous system changes in hypophosphatemia
|
irritability progressing to seizure and coma.
|
|
|
hyperphosphatemia
|
serum phosphorus level above 4.5 mEq/L.
|
|
|
causes of hyperphosphatemia
|
decreased renal excretion resulting from renal insufficiency, tumor lysis syndrome, increased intake of phosphorus, hypoparathyoidism.
|
|
|
Magnesium level
|
1.3-2.1 mg/dL. mg is critical for skeletal muscle contraction, carbohydrate metabolism, ATP formation, vitamin activation, and cell growth.
|
|
|
hypomagnessemia
|
mg level below 1.2 mEq/L. effects of hypomagnesemia are caused by increased membrane excitability and the accompanying serum calcium and potassium imbalances.
|
|
|
causes of hypomagnessemia
|
malnutrition, starvation, diarrhea, steatorrhea, celiac disease, crohn's disease, drugs (diuretics, aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, amphotericin B, cyclosporine), citrate (blood products), ethanol ingestion.
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hypomagnesemia
|
increased nerve impulse. hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, numbness and tingling, and painful muscle contractions. positive chvostek's and trousseau's signs
|
|
|
CNS changes in hypomagnesemia
|
increased nerve impulse. psychological depression, psychosis and confusion
|
|
|
hypermagnesemia
|
mg level above 2.1 mEq/L. when mg excess occurs, excitable membranes are less excitable and need a stronger than normal stimulus to respond.
|
|
|
cardiac changes in hypermagesemia
|
bradycardia, peripheral vasodilation, hypotensiondiastolic pressure lower than normal
|
|
|
cns changes in hypermagnesemia
|
drowsy or lethargic
|
|
|
neuromuscular changes in hypermagnesemia
|
deep tendon reflexes are reduced or absent. muscles are weak. respiratory failure.
|
|
|
chloride levels
|
98 to 106 mEq/L. imbalances of chloride usually occur as a result of other electrolyte imbalances. usually corrected by interventions for correcting other electrolyte or acid-base problems.
|
|
|
normal blood pH
|
normal for arterial - 7.35-7.45
normal for venous - 7.31-7.41 |
|
|
blood pH
|
pH = kidneys (bicarbonate)/ lungs (carbon dioxide)
|
|
|
acidosis
|
less than 7.35
|
|
|
alkalosis
|
greater than 7.45
|
|
|
normal arterial blood gas values (ABG)
|
pH 7.35-7.45
PCO2 35-45 mm Hg HCO3 21-27 mEq/L PaO2 80-100 mm Hg |
|
|
metabolic acidosis
|
pH <7.35
Bicarbonate < 21 mEq/L paO2 nomral paCO2 normal or slightly decreased Serum potassium high |
|
|
respiratory acidosis
|
pH7.35
paO2 low PaCO2 high serum bicarbonate variable serum potassium levels elevated if acidosis is acute serum potassium levels normal or low if renal compensation is present |
