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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the input portions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Center is Solitary tract
receives input from --vii, ix, and x sends out to hypothalamus also to parabrachial then to PAG |
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What are the output portions of the autonomic nervous system?
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Solitary tract
Hypothalamus Parabrachial Cortex PAG |
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What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
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Maintains homeostasis
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Where is the medial forebrain bundle?
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Lateral hypothalamus
Connects brainstem → hypothalamus → amygdala → basal forebrain |
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What do the periventricular fibers link the hypothalamus to?
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PAG
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What is the fornix a landmark for?
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It divides medial and lateral hypothalamus
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What connects the hypothalamus to the amygdala?
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Stria terminalis
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What are the circumventricular organs?
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They sample blood for oxytocin, vasopressin, leptin, toxins, osmolarity
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Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus result in
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hyperthermia
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What percentage of neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus are warm sensitive?
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30%
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Describe how temperature regulation works in the hypothalamus
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heat excites WSNs
cold excites CSNs warm sensitive neurons provide tonic inhibition to cold-sensitive neurons; insensitive neurons provide tonic excitation to cold-sensitive neurons pyrogens inhibit WSNs |
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What does leptin act on?
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It inhibits NPY and AGRP neurons.
It excites POMC neurons. NPY and AGRP neurons inhibit POMC neurons. POMC neurons create aMSH |
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(1) Which of the following regions are involved in regulation of appetite?
1. Paraventricular nucleus 2. Arcuate nucleus 3. Ventromedial nucleus 4. Lateral nucleus |
2, 3, 4
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What receptors is the arcuate nucleus enriched for? How does it act?
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Enriched for leptin receptors, acts via peptides
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What are the 2 components of emotions?
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Physical sensations
Conscious feelings |
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What part of the hypothalamus produces rage?
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Posterior (need a kick in the ass to get angry!)
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What is the emotional smile?
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The duchenne smile.
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What happens in an UMN paresis in RE smiling?
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In UMN lesion, a duchenne smile can happen, but not a pyramidal!
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What is the Papez circuit?
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Hippocampus
Hypothalamus mammillary anterior thalamic nuclei cingulate gyrus |
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What was later added to the papez circuit?
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Amygdala, PFC, hippocampus was downgraded
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What happened in the Kluver Bucy experiment?
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Temporal lobectomy,
**CrAzY mONkEY** |
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What can reproduce the effects of a temporal lobectomy?
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amygdalar lesions.
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What’s the main input (I) of the amygdala?
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Basal lateral group
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What’s the main output (O) of the amygdala?
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Central group
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What functions on both input and output (IO)?
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Medial group
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What effect does a lesion to the MGN have?
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Abolished fear response
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What effect does a lesion of the MGN output to the auditory cortex have?
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Fails to abolish fear response
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In addition to fear, how else is the amygdala important?
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General learning for reinforcement
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What do opioids do?
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Disinhibit the VTA
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What’s the main addiction pathway
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VTA to the NAC
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What’s the Weinberger model of schizophrenia?
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1. DA activity in the mesocortical pathway is impaired (negative symptoms).
2. The mesocortical pathway normally inhibits the mesolimbic pathway. The disinhibition of the mesolimbic pathway provides the positive symptoms. |
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1. Which one of the following statements regarding sham rage is FALSE?
a. The posterior hypothalamus is required to elicit the response. b. The anterior hypothalamus is required to elicit the response. c. The basal ganglia are not required to elicit the response. d. The brainstem is required is required to elicit the response. e. Both somatic motor and visceral motor responses are elicited by mild sensory stimulation. |
b.The anterior hypothalamus is required to elicit the response.
This is false. it isn't. |
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What does damage to basal ganglia generally produce?
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Strange movements
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Name the 5 components of the basal ganglia
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Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (pIN, pEX), substantia nigra (pRET, pCOM), STNuclei
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Name the main NTs for basal ganglia
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First 3 GABA (except for striatal interneurons—ACH) SNpR is GABA, SNpC is DA, STN, VAVL are excitatory
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What are the inputs to the caudate?
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Cognitive, association, eyes
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What are the inputs to the putamen?
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Motor, somatosensory cortex
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What is the direct striato-palladial circuit?
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Cortex↑Striatum↓GPinSNpr↓VA/VL↑Cortex
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What is the indirect striato-palladial circuit?
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Cortex↑Striatum↓GPex↓STN↑
GPinSNpr↓VA/VL↑Cortex |
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Describe DA action in the striatum
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DA1 acts on direct, agonist
DA2 acts on indirect, inhibitory |
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Describe the epidemiology of Huntington’s disease
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100% penetrant
autosomal 40-50 years old earlier, worse each generation |
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Name physical symptoms of HD
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Chorea
Athetosis Ballismus coordinated movement problems |
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Name cognitive (task) problems
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Alternating and complex tasks
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Name psychological problems
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OCD, depression, schizophrenia
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What is the usual cause of death in HD?
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Aspiration pneumonia
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What are some differences in childhood HD?
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More behavioral, rigidity, higher CAG repeat number
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Which circuit is affected in HD?
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Indirect Striato-palladial circuit
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What are the genetics behind huntington’s
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Chromosome 4
Autosomal Dominant Fully penetrant CAG repeats >36 = disease male sperm are biased towards expansion may be somatic expansion too |
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What does huntingtin function in?
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Not known: interacts with MT, transport. Active in neurodevelopment, growth, stability.
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What does the disease look like cellularly?
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Nuclear aggregations
Also in cytoplasm Beta sheets with H-bonds Replicated in vitro |
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Name 6 mechanisms for HD
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Excitotoxicity
Proteolytic cleavage Protein sequestration Proteosome dysfunction Cell-specific CAG expansion BDNF |
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Describe the loop for aqueous humor
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Ciliary body → canal of schlemm
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Where is 70% of the eye’s refractive power located?
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The air to tear interface
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What happens when ciliary muscles contract?
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Tension on the zonule fibers is reduced, sphere rounds up
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Where does all accommodation occur?
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The lens
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What nerve controls the ciliary fiber contraction? What happens?
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III (parasympathetics). Pupilary constriction.
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Emmetropic is, looks like, is corrected by
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normal
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Myopia is , looks like, is corrected by
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Egg shaped, near-sighted, concave lenses
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Hyperopia is, looks like, is corrected by
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Rounded, Far-sighted, convex lenses
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Parasympathetics cause
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Constriction
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Sympathetics cause
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Dilation
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What three things happen in near reflex?
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Lens rounding, pupil constriction, converging eyes
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What is the optic disc?
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Where everything converges/diverges (blind spot)
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What is the macula lutea?
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Cones, ring around the fovea
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What is special about ganglion cells?
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They fire action potentials
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What order do the layers go?
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RPE, ON, OP, IN, IP, G, Nerve
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Rods: How many? Sensitivity? Speed?
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120 million, very sensitive, slow, scotopic
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Cones: How many? Sensitivity? Speed?
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6 million, less sensitive, fast, photopic
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Do photoreceptors depolarize in light?
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NO. HYPERPOLARIZE! (Na channels close due to degradation of CGMP via PDE)
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Cones ---------- on center bipolar cells
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Inhibit
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Cones ---------- off center bipolar cells
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Excite
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How does visual information get to the superior colliculus?
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The brachium, contralaterally.
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Why is the superior colliculus important?
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Saccades, It integrates multimodal information
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Where does the superior colliculus project to?
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Oculomotor, vestibular, reticular formation, spinal cord.
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Characterize M and P cells
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M: large, movement, 1 and 2, parietal
P: small, color, form, 3 4 5 and 6, temporal |
