Med Micro Study Guide Section 1

Front 1

3 general forms of procaryotes?

Back 1

Cyanobacteria
Green algae
bacteria

Front 2

What is Generation time?

Back 2

time required for a bacterial cell to divide. Time it takes for a population to double

Front 3

Difference between Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Back 3

Heterotrophs - obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds
Autotrophs - produce energy from CO2 and light or other inorganic sources

Front 4

Photoautotroph

Back 4

uses light to produce energy

Front 5

Lithotroph

Back 5

uses inorganic compounds to produce energy

Front 6

Saprophyte

Back 6

heterotrophs that obtain nutrition from dead organic matter

Front 7

Some Archaea have a non-photosynthetic means of using light for energy, which uses a chromophore called: _____.

Back 7

Bacteriorhodopsin

Front 8

Obligate aerobe

Back 8

oxygen must be present for growth

Front 9

Obligate anaerobe

Back 9

do not need or use O2 for growth

Front 10

Facultative anaerobes

Back 10

are organisms that can switch between aerobic and anaerobic types of metabolism

Front 11

Psychrophiles

Back 11

cold-loving organisms are psychrophiles defined by their ability to grow at 0 degrees

Front 12

mesophiles

Back 12

organisms with an optimum temperature near 37 degrees (the body temperature of warm-blooded animals) are called mesophiles

Front 13

Thermophiles

Back 13

organisms that live at high temperatures (greater than 45 degrees) are thermophiles

Front 14

symbiosis

Back 14

symbiosis is defined as "life together",bacterial symbiosis the nature of associations between bacteria and humans.

Front 15

Mutualism

Back 15

Both members of the association benefit

Front 16

Commensalism

Back 16

There is no apparent benefit or harm to either member of the association

Front 17

Parasitism

Back 17

an organism that grows, feeds and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing

Front 18

Pathogen

Back 18

A pathogen is a microorganism (or virus) that is able to produce disease. Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease in another organism

Front 19

Potential pathogen

Back 19

live in a commensal or parasitic relationship without producing disease. They do not cause disease in their host unless they have an opportunity brought on by some compromise or weakness in the host's anatomical barriers, tissue resistance or immunity.

Front 20

Obligate pathogen

Back 20

pathogens that do not associate with their host except in the case of disease.

Front 21

Opportunistic pathogen

Back 21

Bacteria which cause a disease in a compromised host which typically would not occur in a healthy (noncompromised) host are acting as opportunistic pathogens.

Front 22

Virulence

Back 22

degree of pathogenicity

Front 23

Innate Defenses

Back 23

Defenses common to all healthy animals

Front 24

Inducible Defenses

Back 24

must be induced or turned on by host exposure to a pathogen (as during an infection)

Front 25

To be called an organic source of carbon what must be present

Back 25

Carbon & Hydrogen i.e CH20 (glucose)

Front 26

According to Todar the must significant effect microorganisms have, which affect all life on the planet is?

Back 26

Recycling primary elements C/O/N

Front 27

There is a microbe capable of degrading all natural occurring organic compounds, which results in what compound?

Back 27

CO2

Front 28

Describe nitrogen fixation.

Back 28

is a process found only in some bacteria which removes N2 from the atmosphere and converts it to ammonia (NH3),

Front 29

an example of a Nitrogen fixing microorganism

Back 29

Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium bacteria

Front 30

oxygenic photosynthesis?

Back 30

occurs in plants, algae and cyanobacteria. It is the type of photosynthesis that results in the production of O2 in the atmosphere.

Front 31

What are the three architectural regions of the prokaryote?

Back 31

appendages (attachments to the cell surface) in the form of flagella and pili (or fimbriae);


a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane; and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell chromosome (DNA)

ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions

Front 32

pili

Back 32

Fimbriae and pili are interchangeable terms used to designate short, hair-like structures

Front 33

cell envelope

Back 33

cell envelope consisting of a capsule, cell wall and plasma membrane.

Front 34

Flagella

Back 34

filamentous protein structures attached to the cell surface that provide MOVEMENT

Front 35

capsule

Back 35

Attachment to surfaces; protection against phagocytic engulfment, occasionally killing or digestion; reserve of nutrients or protection against desiccation

Front 36

cell wall

Back 36

The cell wall of Bacteria consists of a polymer of disaccharides cross-linked by short chains of amino acids (peptides). This molecule is a type of peptidoglycan, which is called murein.

Front 37

Plasma membrane

Back 37

Permeability barrier; transport of solutes; energy generation; location of numerous enzyme systems

Front 38

Chromosome structure

Back 38

Genetic material of cell

Front 39

Gram-positive cell walls.

Back 39

Prevents osmotic lysis of cell protoplast and confers rigidity and shape on cells

Front 40

Gram-negative cell walls.

Back 40

Peptidoglycan prevents osmotic lysis and confers rigidity and shape; outer membrane is permeability barrier; associated LPS and proteins have various functions

Front 41

part of the gram-negative cell wall is toxic?

Back 41

LPS

Front 42

thin layer of tangled polysaccharide fibers which occurs on surface of cells growing in nature (as opposed to the laboratory)

Back 42

Glycocalyx or capsule in bacteria

Front 43

cytoplasmic constituents of the prokaryote.

Back 43

NUCLEOID
RIBOSOME
INCLUSION

Front 44

Aerotaxis

Back 44

During aerotaxis, bacteria swim toward or away from O2.

Front 45

Magnetotaxis

Back 45

movement in relationship to the magnetic field of the earth

Front 46

three ways Todar describes to detect motility

Back 46

1. Flagellar stains
2. Motility test medium
3. Direct microscopic observation

Front 47

matrix which embeds the cells

Back 47

Biofilm

Front 48

A unique peptidoglycan in prokaryotic cells is called?

Back 48

murein

Front 49

1.Teichoic acids are unique to which type of bacteria, Gram Positive or Gram Negative?

Back 49

Gram Positive

Front 50

The lipopolysaccharide is part of the _______ cell outer membrane and is also called ________.

Back 50

Gram Negative, LPS (endotoxin)

Front 51

Which has the thinner cell wall, Gram positive (G+) or Gram Negative (G=)?

Back 51

Gram Negative (G=)

Front 52

What is the toxic component of LPS?

Back 52

Lipid A

Front 53

What bacteria do not have a cell wall?

Back 53

Mycoplasma

Front 54

fluid mosaic model is?

Back 54

arrangement of proteins and phospholipids forms

Front 55

The S-layer may protect bacteria from harmful ________.

Back 55

Enzymes & pH changes

Front 56

a carrier-mediated system that does not require energy and does not concentrate solutes against a gradient.

Back 56

Facilitated diffusion

Front 57

uses energy and are able to concentrate molecules against a concentration gradient.

Back 57

Active transport

Front 58

use chemical energy during transport but they are distinguished from active transport because they modify the solute during its passage across the membrane

Back 58

Group translocation

Front 59

Part of plasma membrane that invaginates into cytoplasm, forming stacks and vessicles

Back 59

mesosome

Front 60

Does the periplasm have a function?

Back 60

yes.
1 Enzyme secretion
2 Sensing proteins
3 building components

Front 61

nucleoid

Back 61

bacterial chromosome

Front 62

plasmids

Back 62

It is common for DNA to be transferred as plasmids between mating bacteria.

Front 63

Genome

Back 63

The total DNA content of a cell

Front 64

inclusions

Back 64

Inclusions are distinct granules that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm. Inclusion granules are usually reserve materials of some sort

Front 65

endospore

Back 65

unique resting cell/ dormant cell

Front 66

Why do endospores form in some bacteria?

Back 66

as intercellular sructures

Front 67

Auxotrophs

Back 67

Mutant strains of bacteria that require some growth factor not needed by the wild type (parent) strain

Front 68

Microaerophile

Back 68

needs very little O2

Front 69

types of cultures media

Back 69

1. Chemically-defined (synthetic) medium

2. Complex (undefined) medium

Front 70

1.What is the function of superoxide dismutase?

Back 70

Enzyme that prevents accumulation of Superoxide O2-

Front 71

mesophiles;
thermophiles ;
extreme thermophiles or hyperthermophiles
psychrophiles ;
psychrotroph;

Back 71

mesophiles; Rm temp. 37

thermophiles ; hot 45 - 70

extreme thermophiles or hyperthermophiles - very hot 80 - 150

psychrophiles ; Cold0 and below

psychrotroph; opt temp 0 - near rm temp

Front 72

What is the formula for calculating the generation time?

Back 72

G= t(mins)/ 3.3 x logb/B

Front 73

1.What is the role of the following in the environment?
a.Fungi
b.Algae
c.Protozoans

Back 73

a.Fungi - degradation & decomp.
b.Algae - Carbon & oxygen cycle
c.Protozoans - regulates bacteria by eating them

Front 74

What is methanogenesis?

Back 74

synthesizing CO2 - Methane

Front 75

Anaerobes substitute what compound or compounds for O2 for respiration?

Back 75

NO3 & SO4

Front 76

What is the difference between the methanogen and a methylotroph?

Back 76

methanogen Produces methane and methylotroph use methane

Front 77

The term for the decomposition of nitrogen compounds is______.

Back 77

deamination

Front 78

Which nutrient cycle is the most complicated?

Back 78

Nitrogen Cycle

Front 79

The sulfur cycle is an important component of what two amino acids?

Back 79

Cysteine & Methione

Front 80

Phosphorous is essential to: ______.

Back 80

DNA/RNA & ATP/ADP

Front 81

What do extreme thermophils contribute to the molecular technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Back 81

the enzyme taq polymerase used in the polymerase chain reaction, PCR

Front 82

Mitochondria have similarities to what type of bacteria?

Back 82

Purple nonsulfor material

Front 83

What are the pigments of cyanobacteria?

Back 83

phycobilins

Front 84

What bacteria are thought to have given rise to the chloroplasts of eukaryotes?

Back 84

Cyanobacteria

Front 85

According to Todar, the environment that cyanobacteria do not seem to inhabit is_____.

Back 85

acidic water with eucaryotic algae

Front 86

What is a stromatolites?

Back 86

layered chalk deposits

Front 87

What are hormogonia?

Back 87

filaments of Cyanobacteria that breaks off

Front 88

The substances that flavor water that contain cyanobacteria is called______.

Back 88

geosmins

Front 89

Cyanobacteria are not harmful, True or False.

Back 89

false

Front 90

What is the structure some cyanobacteria have that is analogous to bacterial endospores?

Back 90

Akinetes

Front 91

What is the mechanism that spirochetes use for motion?

Back 91

endoflagella/ axial filaments

Front 92

Name a spiral form bacteria that cause disease in animals.

Back 92

Syphillis

Front 93

What is the enzyme in bioluminescence?

Back 93

luciferase

Front 94

Which group of prokaryote have the most complex life cycle?

Back 94

myxobacteria

Front 95

What is myxospores?

Back 95

are packed into secondary structures called cysts, which develop at the tips of the fruiting body

Front 96

What is convergent evolution?

Back 96

two types of organisms (Prok & Euk) are an example of parallel or convergent evolution, having adopted similar life styles in the soil environment.