Med Micro #3

Front 1

Cocci Shape

Back 1

Spherical; can be bean or oval shaped

Front 2

Bacilli Shape

Back 2

Cylindrical or rod-shaped

Front 3

Spirilla Shape

Back 3

Spiral

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Pleomorphic shape

Back 4

Variations in shape of a single species

Front 5

Arrangements of Prokaryotes

Back 5

Single

Diplococci

Tetrads

Clusters

Chains

Front 6

Diplococci

Back 6

Pairs

Front 7

Tetrads

Back 7

Groups of Four

Front 8

Clusters

Back 8

Irregular, more than four

Front 9

Chains

Back 9

A few to hundreds

Front 10

Components of Prokaryotic cells

Back 10

Bound by cell envelope

External Appendages

Cytoplasmic components

Front 11

Prokaryotic external appendages meaning...

Back 11

external to cell and provide motility or attachment abilities to cells

Front 12

Two groups of prokaryotic external appendages

Back 12

Motility (flagella and filaments)

Attachment or channels (fimbriae or pili)

Front 13

Define cilia

Back 13

Short, hair-like appendages extending from the surface of a living cell; rotational like a motor

Front 14

Explain flagella

Back 14

Provide self-propulsion, move freely through aqueous environment, long hiar-like structures of flagellin, mostly in rods, use energy from ion concentration gradient to rotate.

Front 15

Describe arrangement of flagella on bacteria

Back 15

Trichous

Front 16

Describe bacteria with one flagellum

Back 16

Monotrichous

Front 17

Describe bacteria with flagella on all areas of cell

Back 17

Peritrichous

Front 18

Describe filaments

Back 18

A helical structure, composed of protein flagellin, 360 rotation

Front 19

Describe pili

Back 19

Long rigid tubular structure composed of pilin protein, hair-like, present only in some bacteria (mostly Gram -)

Front 20

Conjugation pili

Back 20

Function as tubes though which DNA may pass either during conjugation or when bacterium is being infected with a virus.

Front 21

Attachment pili

Back 21

Attachment sites between bacteria and surfaces (preferred term is fimbriae)

Front 22

Fimbriae

Back 22

Small bristle like fibres, tend to stick to each other and surfaces, not providing locomotion.

Front 23

Cell Envelope

Back 23

Comprised of cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer)

Front 24

Cytoplasmic Membrane

Back 24

Cell or plasma membrane; thin, just inside cell wall, surrounds internal, barrier.

Front 25

Functions of cytoplasmic membrane

Back 25

Cell wall material synthesis

Excretion of enzymes for nutrition

Selectively permeable

Transport of nutrition and waste

Electron transport with ATP

Front 26

Composition of cytoplasmic membrane

Back 26

Primarily phospholipids and proteins.

Front 27

Hydrophilic

Back 27

Dissolve in water

Front 28

Hydrophobic

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Wont dissolve in water

Front 29

Cell wall

Back 29

Gives shape and rigidity to cell; provides protection

Front 30

Bacteria and ion concentration

Back 30

Bacteria often found in low ion concentration, but cytoplasm has high ion concentration; water drawn in via osmosis (low to high concentrations). Without cell wall, cell would burst. Porous to allow passage.

Front 31

Protective envelope of bacteria

Back 31

Cell wall and cell membrane.

Front 32

Cell wall rigid due to what?

Back 32

Peptidogycan

Front 33

Basic types of cell wall

Back 33

Gram +

Gram -

Front 34

Gram +

Back 34

Two layers, thick cell wall made of peptidoglycan, call membrane

Front 35

Gram -

Back 35

Three layers, Outer membrane think layer of peptidoglycan, cell membrane.

Front 36

Gram procedure differentiates how?

Back 36

Gram +mretains crytal violet dye complex, purple when viewed.

Gram - does not retain dye complex, appears pink.

Front 37

Glycocalyx

Back 37

Gives bacteria better chance to survive, binding together like biofilm; capsule excludes substances like Indian pink

Front 38

Cell cytoplasm

Back 38

A watery substance that holds some or all of the internal structures in bacteria. All components within cell membrane. Site for biochemical activities. Mostly water. Solvent for nutrients.

Front 39

Contents of cytoplasm

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Nucleic acids, proteins, ribosomes, carbohydrates etc

Front 40

Nuceoid

Back 40

No nucleus, area of hereditary material. Chromosomes condensed here.

Front 41

Ribosome function

Back 41

Protein synthesis

Front 42

Plasmids

Back 42

Extra genetic material in the cell.

Front 43

Inclusions are

Back 43

Storage structures for nutrients.

Front 44

Cytoskeleton

Back 44

Made of bacterial actin, gives bacterium its shape.

Front 45

Endospore definition

Back 45

Highly resistant structure for survival, not reproduction.

Front 46

Endospore explanation

Back 46

Triggered by unfavourable conditions like nitrogen limitation or lack of energy source, sporulation; chromosome surrounded by infolding of cell membrane with DNA ribosomes and enzymes, forming a membrane bound structure. Spore wall.

Front 47

Endospores pose medical concerns because..

Back 47

Highly resistant to destruction (heat or chemical)

May remain dormant for long periods of time

Front 48

Germination requires

Back 48

Activation step and outgrowth process

Front 49

Activation

Back 49

Accomplished by external damage to spore coat by heat or mechanical means.

Front 50

Components of Eukaryotic Cell

Back 50

Cell walls

Flagella and cilia

Cytoplasmic membrane

Internal organelles

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Eukaryote Organelles

Back 51

ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts etc

Front 52

Eukaryote cell wall

Back 52

Composed of cellulose or other carbohydrates, similar functions to prokaryotes. Animals dont have them.

Front 53

Eukaryotic Flagella and cilia

Back 53

More complex than prokaryotes.

Microtubules make up flagella

Cilia much shorter than flagella

Front 54

Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic membrane

Back 54

Has steriod-like lipids that give animal cells membranes.

Front 55

Nucleus

Back 55

Contaisn genetic material of animal cells. Inside is a nucleolus involved in synthesis of ribosomes. Nuclear pores allow passage.

Front 56

ER function

Back 56

Transports proteins and lipids

Front 57

Golgi Apparatus function

Back 57

Receives proteins and lipids, modifies and packages them, transfers to destinations.

Front 58

Lysosome Functions

Back 58

Contain digestive enzymes to digest foreign material - phagosome.

Front 59

Chloroplasts

Back 59

Have chorophyll for photosynthesis in algae and plants.

Front 60

What organelles have DNA within?

Back 60

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Useful to determine amino acid sequences in some proteins.

Front 61

Vacuoles

Back 61

Associated with food storage, digestion, osmotic regulation and excretion of waste.

Front 62

Eukaryote Cytoplasmic membrane

Back 62

Bilayer of phospholipids, contain sterols to confer stability of membrane, same function as prokaryotes with some organelles within.

Front 63

Eukaryotic Cell Membrane

Back 63

Lipid bilayer, selectively permeable.

Front 64

Functions of the cell membrane

Back 64

Provide site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, synthesis.

Regulates transport of nutrients and waste.

Secretion.