Med Micro 1

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Aristotle

Back 1

spontaneous generation of disease (illness caused by bad thoughts)

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Fracastro

Back 2

proposed disease is caused by small organisms

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Leeuwenhoek

Back 3

found microbes using his microscope

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Redi

Back 4

debunked spontaneous generation (maggots formed because of flies)

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Jenner

Back 5

created smallpox vaccine using cowpox

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Schwann

Back 6

discovered cells

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Semmelweis

Back 7

showed most illness is caused by doctors (proposed antiseptics)

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Snow

Back 8

fathered epidemiology (path disease takes)

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Pasteur

Back 9

developed sterilization techniques for foods

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Lister

Back 10

developed antiseptics

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Koch

Back 11

koch's postulates for determining the cause of disease

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Koch's Postulates

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sick, sample, culture, inject, sick, sample, culture, reisolate same pathogen

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Petri

Back 13

invented petri dishes

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Flemming

Back 14

discovered penicillin (worked w/ lysozyme, 1st antibiotic)

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Watson and Cricket

Back 15

finalized the structure of DNA

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1979

Back 16

insulin synthesized by bacteria

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1981

Back 17

HIV discovered

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Asceptic Technique

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1. sterilize innoculation loop (fire)
2. let it cool
3. take sample from stock
4. spread it on plate
5. sterilize
6. spread again
7. go back to 5
8. sterilize loop

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skin

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BARRIER, continuous, tightly packed, slightly basic, dry

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mucous

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BARRIER, sticky material that flows to stomach (ph kills bac), pushed by cillia

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earwax

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BARRIER, contains cyanide to kill bacteria

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saliva

Back 22

BARRIER, flushes and kill bacteria

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fingernails

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BARRIER, protects ends of fingers

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chemical

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aka humoral

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antibodies

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very specific molecules that "glue" multiple pathogens together, renders them useless (2 wks to make new ones)

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histamine

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chemical that excites immune cells

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interferon

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disrupts viral replication

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Complement

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very complex (20 chemicals in body), seperate do nothing but together bore holes in pathogens, short term only

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macrophage

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CELL, consumes ANYTHING not self

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Langerhans cells

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can behave as macrophages, reside in throat,urinary and sexual tracts

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helper T cell

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take the antigen from macrophage to the B-cell

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cytotoxic T-cells

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kills anything asking to be killed

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B-cell

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if antigen been seen, antibodies produce quickly

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memory B-cell

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creates antibodies for the antigen (2 wks)

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bacteria differentiation

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bacillus (rod-like), coccus(spherical), spirillus (infinity symbol)

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Gram's Stain G+

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purple, cell wall is large, peptidoglycan absorbs the stain

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Gram's Stain G-

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pink, cell wall thin, stain bounces off

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strep (growth pattern)

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forms chain

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staph (growth pattern)

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grape-like

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punctiform

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just dots on petri dish

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undulate

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odd-shaped colony

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circular

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circle-shaped colony

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swarm

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covers the plate

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convex (side view growth)

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semicircular (water droplet)

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raised (side view growth)

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box-like

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flat

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flat on plate

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Heat Fix

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1. drop H2O
2. add bacteria
3. wave in flame to evaporate H2O

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stain process

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1. crystal violet(30s)
2. rinse with water(1m)
3. Iodine(1m)
4. Rinse w/ water
5. rinse w/ alcohol(1m)
6. rinse w/ water
7. safranin(pink)
8. rinse w/ water
9. blot dry

Front 49

Salmonella typhi (G- rod)
-epidemiology

Back 49

-ubiquitous, poultry, reptiles, livestock, domestic animals, birds, humans
- ingestion of food/water

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Salmonella typhi
-disease

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Typhoid Fever (enteric fever)

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Typhoid Fever symptoms

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(10-14 incubation), fever intermitant & increase in intensity. headache, myalgias(muscle pains), malaise(overall bad feeling), anorexia(appetite loss)

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Typhoid Fever morality rate

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5% (infants, elderly, immuno-compromised)

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Typhoid Fever treatment

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resolves spontaneously, antibiotics

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Yersinia pestis (G- rod)
- epi

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lives on rats (vector) fleas, goes to humans through bites

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Yersinia pestis disease

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Bubonic plague
Pneumonic plague

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bubonic plague symptoms

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7 day incub, very high fever, painful bubos(lymphnodes) pus-filled lesions

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bubonic plague mortality

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killed 25 million people in 14th century
- most devastating disease in history
-today, w/o treatment 75%

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Pneumonic Plague

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in lungs, 2-3 day incubation. causes lung failure, mortality 90% w/o meds, treatment: antibiotics

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Bordetella pertusis (G- rod)

epi

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extremely small aerobic coccabacilli(looks round)

only found in humans

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Bordetella pertusis disease

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whooping cough

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Whooping Cough symptoms

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resembles a cold, makes mucous thick, "whooping" sound in cough, serious sneezing, malaise,anorexia, low fever, very contagious

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Whooping Cough 1st stage

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Catarrhal stage
sneezing and low-grade fever, most contagious stage

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Whooping cough 2nd stage

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paroxysmal stage
cough up throat cells (trying remove mucous)
whooping sound

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whooping cough 3rd stage

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convalascent stage
symptoms disappear
secondary problems - pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy

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whooping cough treatment

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close medical care, antibiotics only work during 1st stage, vaccinations are important

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Shigella dysenteriae
epi

Back 66

day care centers, nursuries, custodial institutions
highly common
transmitted person-to-person, fecal-oral route, primarily
caused my hand transfer

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Shigella dysenteriae illness

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dysentary

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Dysentary symptoms

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abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever, bloody stool
1-3 incub
bac colonize intestine and physically damage it
bloody/pus in stool

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dysentary treatment

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let it pass, stay hydrated, water treatment, good hygiene, antibiotics help but time is important

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Borrelia bergdofii (g- rod)
epi

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transferred by ticks (deer)
very difficult to diagnose

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Borrelia bergdofii illness

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lyme disease

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lyme disease symptoms

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30+ incub
skin lesions around the bite
eventually disappear

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lyme disease symptoms early

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-malaise, severe fatigue, headache, fever, chills
-lasts about 4 wks, intermittant for 2-5 years
-10/15% patients can get heart blockage
- menningitis, encephalitis, nerve damage (peripheral)

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lyme disease treatment

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antibiotics for long time

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Vibrio cholerae
epi

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aerobic or anaerobic
found in ponds, crustaceans

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Vibrio cholerae disease

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cholera (need large amount to get sick)
caused by enterotoxins
many people are asymptomatic
10-20% severe symptoms

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Cholera symptoms

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severe vomiting and diarrhea(rice water stool=water/mucous)
dehydration
mort: 60% w/o meds

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cholera treatment

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IV to hydrate
spontaneously resolves

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Bacillus anthracis
epi

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ubiquitous, soil, generally w/ livestock, spore former

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bacillus anthracis disease

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anthrax
-most anthrax(95%) is skin and obtained through soil contact

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cutaneous anthrax

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painless pimple, can progress into an ulcer(depression in skin), then to a necrotic ulcer(dead skin, black)
mort: <2%

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inhaled antrax

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initially resembles viral infection
progresses rapidly in diffused pulmonary problems
end in respiratory failure
mort: 99% w/o, 85% w/
isn't suspected until too late

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gastrointestinal antrax

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very rare
mesentaric adenopathy (capillaries are destroyed)
hemorrhaging in intestines
high mortality

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Bacillus cereus (g+ rod)
epi

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soil, ubiquitous
makes a toxin that causes illness

Front 85

bacillus cereus illness

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gastroenteritus (stomach problems)
vomiting disease and diarrheal disease

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bacillus cereus
vomiting disease

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emetic form: from contaminated rice
1-6 hr incub
24h illness
vomiting, nausea, ab cramps

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bacillus cereus
diarrheal disease

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tainted meat/veggie
longer incub required
toxin is heat liable(destroys it)
diarrhea, nausea, ab cramps

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bacillus cereus treatment

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cephalosporins/vancomyosin
refrigerate food

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Corynebacterium diphteriae (g+)
epi

Back 89

found in low economic populations where vaccines aren't available
soil

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Corynebacterium diphteriae illness

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diphtheria

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diphtheria symptoms

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-mild respiratory at first
-sore throat, light fever, membrane on throat/tonsils
-attached to host cells, removal of membrane causes hemorrhaging
-when you recover, cough it up

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diphtheria treatment

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penicillin, active immunity prevents disease

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clostridium

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g+ rods, strict anaerobe(O2 kills it), spore formers

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Clostridium perfringes

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- main disease causing organism
- normal inhabitant of animal digestive tract

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clostridium perfringes illness

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gas gangrene, food poisoning, enteric necrosis

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Gas Gangrene symptoms

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life threatening
sym:intense pain, muscle necrosis, shock, death is rapid (2days)

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Gas Gangrene treatment

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amputation, physical removal(scrub), antibiotics

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Food Poisoning

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8-24h incub
cramps, watery diarrhea, no fever, vomiting
bad meat is common source

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Enteric Necrosis symptoms

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rare, acute killing of small intestines, ab pain, bloody diarrhea, shock
50% mortality rate

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Enteric Necrosis treatment

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surgical debridement(removal)
antiserum toward toxins
high dose penicillin

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Clostridium botulinum

Back 101

produces toxins(problem)
soil and water
toxins heat liable

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Clostridium botulinum illness

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botulism
1. food borne
2. wound
3. infantile

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botulism food borne

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-toxin causes paralysis b/c it blocks neurotransmitters permanently
-death caused by respiratory paralysis
-mort used to be 75%, currently 10%

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botulism wound

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same result as food borne but organism is in wound

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botulism infantile

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-babies eating honey
-organism in the honey, inhabit infants digestive tract
-treatment:ventilate patient, antigens towards toxin

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clostridium tetanii

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tetanus
toxins cause problems
enter through fomite (stab)

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tetanus

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generalized tetanus and localized tetanus
incub: 2wks

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generalized tetanus

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systemic (throughout body)
lockjaw (autonomic nervous system), drooling sweat, irritable, back pain

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localized tetanus

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stays in muscle at site
newborns, elderly
remove the wound

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tetanus treatment

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penicillin