Med Complex Final Sp11

Front 1

Aids (def)

Back 1

an infectious disease that is transmitted mainly by intimate/sexual contact and parenteral means by HIV

-CD4 lymphocyte count <200

Front 2

Is HIV commonly passed to health care workers?

Back 2

NO

Front 3

How many years can someone go w/out showing clinical signs of HIV

Back 3

10

Front 4

What type of virus is HIV? and what is the core genetic material

Back 4

Retrovirus

RNA is the core genetic material

Front 5

Do you want a high or low CD4 count?

Back 5

HIGH, the more HIV the less CD4

Front 6

How early will a person develop antibodies for HIV

Back 6

6-12wks

Front 7

What cell does HIV replicate in?

Back 7

T-helper cell

when that cell dies, the virus leaves and seeks out a new cell to infect

Front 8

what is it called when people have mono-like symptoms, fever, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, mucocutaneous ulcers, pharyngitis, skin rash

(HIV related)
what time frame does it happen within?

Back 8

Seroconversion sickness

2-4wks

Front 9

what is the time of infection to time when symptoms of AIDS are evident called?

Back 9

Incubation

(mean=10-12yrs)

Front 10

Group 1/ Stage 1

(HIV)

Back 10

-Immediate
-Asymptomatic

Front 11

Group 2/ Stage 2

(HIV)

Back 11

-HIV symptomatic stage
-SYMPTOMS show

Front 12

Group 3/ Stage 3 (HIV)

Back 12

-have AIDS
-CD4 count &lt;200
-opportunistic infections may be evident

Front 13

What are the two ANTIBODY tests for HIV

Back 13

1. ELISA or EIA

2. Western Blot Test

(if you have the antibody, you were exposed)

*ELISA is taken first, high false(+) rate so then Western Blot test is done

Front 14

what are the two HIV Antigen Tests?

Which one is more sensitive

Back 14

1. P24
2. PCR

*P24 is more sensitive, can do before antibody test

Front 15

What test measures HIV viral load?

Back 15

PCR

Front 16

Asymptomatic Stage 1

(HIV CD4 stages)

Back 16

-CD4 count 500-800 cells/mm3
-Asymptomatic

Front 17

Early Symptomatic HIV Infection Stage 2

(HIV CD4 stages)

Back 17

-CD4 count 200-500
**START antiretroviral meds**

Front 18

Advanced HIV Infection Stage 3

(HIV CD4 stages)

Back 18

-CD4 count <200
-pt has AIDS
-opportunistic infections
-Neoplasms
-Wasting Syndrome

Front 19

What count gives you info about progression and stage of HIV?

Back 19

CD4

Front 20

What count tells you how active the HIV is?

Back 20

Viral Load

Front 21

What count tells you:
platelet count
clotting time
hemaglobiin
WBC count

Back 21

CBC (Complete Blood Count)

Front 22

if CD4 count is 500, is pt on antiretrovirals?

Back 22

Pt doesn't have to be, it MAY BE indicated

Front 23

if CD4 count is 300-500, is pt on antiretrovirals?

Back 23

GENERALLY indicated

(early opportunistic infections)

Front 24

if CD4 count is 200-300, is pt on antiretrovirals?

Back 24

INDICATED

(some major opportunistic infections)

Front 25

if CD4 count is <200, what meds are needed?

Back 25

pt must PRE-MED and antiretrovirals

(AIDS dx)

Front 26

How do we treat a pt w/a CD4 count >200?

Back 26

Normally

Front 27

When do you get a consultation based on CD4 count?

Back 27

<200

Front 28

What is the lowest detectable viral load for HIV?

Back 28

50 copies/ml

Front 29

What does the platelet count have to be to safely treat the patient?

Back 29

50,000

(CBC w/differential)

Front 30

What drug slows down production of HIV and is good for newly infected cells?

Back 30

NRTIs

(Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)

Front 31

What drug is used to block duplication and spread of HIV?

Back 31

NNRITIs

(Non-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors)

Front 32

What drug keeps non-infectious virus from becoming infectious and is also good for LONG time infected cells?

Back 32

Protease Inhibitors

Front 33

What drug is used on HIV patients that aren't responding well?

Back 33

Nucleotides

Front 34

What drug doesn't let HIV virus attack cells?

Back 34

Fusion or Entry Inhibitors

Front 35

What is the name of the therapy that uses 2 of the nucleoside analogs combined w/a protease inhibitor, and what is the CD4 count when this therapy is started?

Back 35

Current Therapy AKA
Triple Therapy AKA
HAART

CD4 count <500

Front 36

What is the most common opportunistic infection assoc w/HIV

Back 36

Pneumocystitis Carinii Pneumonia

Front 37

What is it when HIV is resistant to 1 drug and may become resistant to another?

Back 37

Cross-resistance

Front 38

Malignant neoplasias of immature white blood cells. Cancer of the WBC's affecting the bone marrow and circulating

Back 38

Leukemia

-all types more common in MALES

-ACUTE more common than chronic

-Idiopathic

Front 39

Where are the majority of WBC's produced?

Back 39

Bone Marrow

Front 40

What are immature WBC's called?

Back 40

Stem cells or blasts

Front 41

What form of Leukemia:

-most common in CHILDREN and <19

-Peak of incidence is 2-4yrs old

-20 fold more common w/Down Syndrome

Back 41

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

Front 42

What is the prognosis of ALL

Back 42

VERY good

-remission rates 90%
CURE rates 70%

(prognosis is worse for adults, REMISSION can be achieved by CHEMO, but duration is SHORT)

Front 43

What form of Leukemia:

-risk factor includes exposure to radiation and BENZENE

-gen older pop (mean=63)

-DEATH in 1-3mos if left untreated

Back 43

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

-Prognosis: <60 good, >60 poor

-<60 usually go into complete remission

Front 44

When the number of blast cells is reduced and can no longer be detected the patient is said to be in ________?

(leukemia)

Back 44

Remission

Front 45

Tx of Leukemia 3 Phases

Back 45

1. Induction (hit hard/induce state of remission)

2. Consolidation/Intensification (consolidate and kill rest of leukemic cells)

3. Remission (maintenance therapy/prevent remaining leukemic cells from expanding)

Front 46

How many years of remission does a leukemic pt have to be in to be considered cured?

Back 46

5

Front 47

Places in the body that leukemic cells hide in and chemotherapeutics can't get to them are called what?

Back 47

Sanctuaries

(CNS and testes)

Front 48

What form of Leukemia:

-related to familial inheritance

-more common in Jewish, Russian, and Eastern Europe ancestry

-rare in Asian and children

-no cure

Back 48

Chronic Lyphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Front 49

What are the 3 stages of CLL

Back 49

1. Stage A: 2 or fewer lymph nodes

2. Stage B: 3 or more lymph nodes

3. Stage C: anemia and thrombocytopenia and any #of lymph node GROUPS (2yr survival rate)

Front 50

What form of Leukemia:

-progress chronic-crisis

-60>

-inc risk w/radiation exposure

-poor prognosis (3.5yrs from time of diagnosis)

Back 50

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

Front 51

Clinical Signs/Symptoms of ACUTE leukemias

Back 51

-sudden, severe
-death 1-3mos if untreated
**POORER prognosis if not caught early**

Front 52

Clinical Signs/Symptoms of CHRONIC leukemias

Back 52

-onset INSIDIOUS (quiet)
-better prognosis
-many are ASYMPTOMATIC

Front 53

If the ct has severe neutropenia what do they have to do before being seen?

Back 53

Pre-med

Front 54

hereditary form of hemolytic anemia, resulting from defective hemoglobin molecule resulting in deoxygenated, crescent shaped erythrocytes

Back 54

Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 55

Etiologic factors of Sickle Cell

Back 55

-African Americans

-white populations in the Mediterranean origin (protected ethnicity from Malaria)

-genetically passed by carrier parents only

-genetic code AS = trait

-genetic code SS = Sickle Cell

Front 56

What blood test is given to detect Sickle Cell?

Back 56

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Front 57

with sickle cell, what is it called when production of red blood cells STOP

Back 57

Aplastic Crisis

Front 58

This is the medical management of what disease?

-FOLATE supplements

-vaccinate children

-genetic counseling for those w/trait

-stem-cell transplant

-PCN pre-med first 5yrs of life

Back 58

Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 59

What drug is used to prevent cells from sickling?

Back 59

Hyroxyurea

Front 60

What oral findings are there w/Sickle Cell anemia

Back 60

-decreased radiodensity

-coarse trabecular pattern

-sig bone loss in children

Front 61

These are Tx modifications for what disease:

-during crisis, emerg tx only

-avoid long, complicated tx

-local anesthetic w/out epi

-avoid barbituates/strong narcotics

-avoid liberal use of slicylates(aspirins)

-use nitrous-oxide w/greater than 50% oxygen

Back 61

Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 62

Congenital bleeding disorder of one of the blood clotting factors

Back 62

Hemophilia

Inherited: genetically transferred

Acquired: secondary to diseases

Front 63

What type of hemophilia accounts for most hemophiliac patients?

Back 63

Hemophilia A (80-85%)

Front 64

What are the 3 Classifications of Hemophilia

Back 64

1. Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)

2. Hemophilia B aka Christmas Disease
(factor XI deficiency)

3. Von Willebrand's Disease (platelet adhesion)

Front 65

4 Phases of Controlled Bleeding

Back 65

1. Vascular Phase (IMMEDIATELY after injury)

2. Platelet Phase (SECONDS after, mechanical plugs, becomes "sticky")

3. Coagulation Phase (MORE SLOWLY than other phases)

4. Fibrinolytic Phase (DISSOLVES blood clot)

Front 66

What gene is Hemophilia A linked to?

Back 66

X-linked

(dad won't transmit to sons, but daughters will become carriers)

Front 67

What Hemophilia is:

-most common
-BEST known CLOTTING defect
-affects males
-apparent in childhood
-bleeding seems to stop after injury RESUMES in 1hr

Back 67

Hemophilia A

Front 68

What hemophilia is:

-deficiency in factor IX
-primarily manifests in males
-female carriers
(more rare)

Back 68

Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)

Front 69

What hemophilia is:

-most common INHERITED bleeding disorder
-1% of population
-defect in PLATELET fx
-affects males and females

Back 69

Von Willebrand's Disease

Front 70

This level of hemophilia have 1% of the clotting factor and BLEED SPONTANEOUSLY

Back 70

Severe

Front 71

This level of hemophilia

-hemorrhage ONLY w/TRAUMA
-1x per MONTH

Back 71

Moderate

Front 72

This level of hemophilia:

-bleed only AFTER SEVERE INJURY and surgery

Back 72

Mild

Front 73

These are signs/symptoms of what disease?

-large, deep bruising
-intramuscular bruising
-HEMARTHROSES (bleeding into soft tissues/joints=pain)
-severe complications include AIRWAY obstruction, intestinal obstruction, compression of nerves=paralysis

Back 73

Hemophilia

Front 74

What 3 bleeding areas are life threatening w/hemophilia?

Back 74

-head
-throat
-gut

Front 75

what are the 4 Factor Replacement therapies for Hemophilia

Back 75

1. Whole Blood
2. Plazma
3. Cryoprecipitate
4. Factor Concentrates

Front 76

Why is Whole Blood replacement therapy difficult?

Back 76

-must be fresh
-compatible
-need large volumes
-may overload body=stop heart

Front 77

What is the best factor replacement therapy? Why?

Back 77

Factor Concentrate

b/c:
-made from human blood or manufactured
-VERY EFFECTIVE

(expensive, safety depends on methods)

Front 78

What meds should hemophiliacs avoid and why?

Back 78

aspirin/NSAIDS

b/c they THIN BLOOD

Front 79

What is the best screening test for hemophilia?

Back 79

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

Front 80

What screen test is used to screen for possible bleeding problems b/c of THROMBOCYTOPENIA?

Back 80

Platelet Count

Front 81

What test measures platelet fx?

Back 81

Platelet Function Analyzer 100

Front 82

What test is used to screen for inherited disorders of platelet fx (how long it takes to stop bleeding after fresh cut)

Back 82

Ivy Bleeding Time

Front 83

Cancer of the lyphoid organs and tissues
(grouped as B-cell and T-cell neoplasms)

Back 83

Lymphomas

Front 84

What is the name of the lymphoma that:

-is an ORDERLY SPREAD from 1 lymph node to another

-affects any age group

-2 peaks in life (1 early, 1 in the 5th decade)

-mostly males

-firm, NON-TENDER, enlarged lymph node UPPER body (neck, underarms, chest)

Back 84

Hodgkin's

Front 85

What is the etiology of Hodgkin's disease

Back 85

unknown

Front 86

What virus is generally present w/Hodgkin's disease

Back 86

Ebstein-Barr

Front 87

What disease are these signs/symptoms

-fever
-BONE PAIN
-weigh loss
-night sweats
-ENLARGED lymph nodes of UNDERARM/GROIN area
-PAIN following ALCOHOL consumption

Back 87

Hodgkin's Disease

Front 88

What are the 4 Stages of tx for Hodgkin's disease

Back 88

Stage 1: 1 lymph node or 1grp
RADIOTHERAPY only

Stage 2: 2+grps on ONE side of diaphragm
RADIOTHERAPY only

Stage III: involvement of lymph nodes on BOTH sides of diaphragm
RADIOTHERAPY or CHEMO

Stage IV: Diffuse
CHEMO

Front 89

How early do patients RELAPSE w/Hodgkin's disease

Back 89

2yrs

(5yr survival in earlier stages 90%
later stages 60%)

Front 90

What lymphoma

-B-cells more commonly affected
-5th most common cancer in females, 6th in males
-time of dx is 67, more common

-prognosis is gen poor chemo or radation

Back 90

Non-Hodgkin's

Front 91

what disease are these signs/symptoms of

-TENDER lymph nodes

Back 91

Non-Hodgkin's

Front 92

What type of Lymphoma:

-AGGRESSIVE of B-cell origin

-one of the most CURABLE lymphomas

-Endemic to Central Africa

-tx=HIGH DOSE CHEMO

-if live past 2yrs, enjoy long-term remission

Back 92

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Front 93

Type of Burkitt's

-found in Africa
-related to EBV
-HIGH chance of involving jaw
-commonly involves abdomen

Back 93

Endemic Burkitt's Lymphoma

Front 94

Type of Burkitt's

-common in rest of world
-BONE MARROW common
-RARE jaw involvement
-90% of abdomens in children

Back 94

Sporadic Burkitt's Lymphoma

Front 95

What disease are these oral manifestations of?

-Waldeyer's Ring: erythematous swelling w/surface ulcerations as result of trauma (may involve pharynx, palate, tongue, gingiva, lips)

-Herpes Zoster
-Herpetic Stomatitis
-Oral Candidiasis

Back 95

Lymphoma

Front 96

What tx involves use of chemical agents in order to destroy/deactivate cancer cells

Back 96

Chemotherapy

Front 97

What two terms are used to describe chemotherapy

Back 97

1. Antineoplastic (anti-cancer)

2. Cytotoxic (cell killing)

Front 98

What are the 2 main uses of chemotherapy

Back 98

1. reduce size of lesion and destroy cancer cells

2. After surgery, kill cancer cells that may have spread throughout body

Front 99

3 Possible Chemotherapy GOALS

Back 99

1. Cure
2. Control
3. Palliation (relieve symptoms of cancer)

Front 100

What are the 2 Protocols for Chemotherapy

Back 100

1. Cycle: 1 time/1 round schedule

2. Course: ALL cycles in entire tx

Front 101

What type of chemotherapy is used BEFORE SURGERY or radiation to shrink the tumor/growth

Back 101

Neoadjuvant

Front 102

What type of chemotherapy is used AFTER surgery or radiation

Back 102

Adjuvant

Front 103

What HEALTHY cells does chemotherapy commonly affect

Back 103

-skin
-lining of stomach
-intestines
-bladder

Front 104

What are common side effects of chemo

Back 104

-nausea/vomitting
-Retching
-appetite loss (anorexia)
-Alopecia (hair loss)
-possible weight gain
-Esophagitis
-Mucositis: inflam of mucous membrane lining ENTIRE DIGESTIVE TRACT (from mouth to rectum)

Front 105

Blood related side effects of chemotherapy

Back 105

-bone marrow suppression (DEC RBC's, WBC's, platelets)

-Nadir: time when blood components are at their lowest
(1-2wks after chemo starts)

Anemia: low RBC's

Neutropenia: low WBC's

Thrombocytopenia: low platelets

Front 106

What is the common sign of neutropenia

Back 106

"shake & bake"
fever-->chills

(ck temp 1-2xday, if >100 call dr

Front 107

Signs of Thrombocytopenia

Back 107

-easy bruising
-bleeding from skin doesn't stop
-INTERNAL BLEEDING

Front 108

how many days after chemo is started should you treat the pt

Back 108

7-20days

Front 109

What type of cancer therapy uses electromagnetic radiation in order to destroy cancer cells

Back 109

Radiation Therapy

Front 110

What are the 3 types of beams used for radiation therapy

Back 110

1. External Beam Therapy
2. Internal: Interstitial Implant, Brachytherapy
3. Systemic Radiation Therapy

Front 111

What type of radiation therapy:

-usually given on outpatient basis
-treat most types of cancer
-beam generated OUTSIDE targeted at tumor site

Back 111

EBT (External Beam Therapy)

Front 112

What type of radiation therapy:

-place radioactive material INSIDE body
-temporary or permanent

Back 112

Internal Beam

Front 113

What type of radiation therapy

-radioactive material taken BY MOUTH or INJECTED
-tx for thyroid, non-hodgkins lymphoma

Back 113

Systemic

Front 114

What time of leukemia can be cured

Back 114

Acute

Front 115

what disease is caused by permanent damage to bone and blood supply, characterized by exposed bone that fails to heal after high-dose radiation in the jaws

Back 115

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN)

Front 116

what complication is treated by:

-mouth rinse w/Salt and Sodium Bicarbonate.
-cocktail of Benadryl and lidocaine
-Milk of Magnesia

Back 116

Mucositis

(dentures should NOT be worn until acute phase has resolved)

Front 117

What med is given for herpetic infenctions

Back 117

Acyclovir

Front 118

What form of fl should be used for radiated pt

Back 118

Fl Gel for sensitivity

Front 119

what is the most common secondary infection w/radiated patients

Back 119

Pseudomembranous Candidiasis

Front 120

What drug effects healing and causes bone problems (jaw) in radiated patients

-taken for osteoperosis

Back 120

Bisphosphonate

Front 121

What is the other name for Down Syndrome

Back 121

mongolism

Front 122

What chromosome does Down Syndrome effect

Back 122

Chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

Front 123

What condition are these signs/symptoms of:

-Hypotonia (overall growth retardation)

-Microcephaly (small head)

-Strabismus (convergent eyes)

-Simian Crease (single palmar crease)

Back 123

Down Syndrome

Front 124

What are pt w/Down Syndrome more at risk for

Back 124

Leukemia (20x)

Front 125

What condition are these oral findings related to:

-Prognathism
-Protrusive, fissured tongue (tongue thrust)
-DEC salivary flow
-Microdontia
-Enamel Dyslplasia
-Malocclusion
-Macroglossia
-Taurodontism

Back 125

Down Syndrome

Front 126

What are oral health care precautions should be taken w/Down Syndrome

Back 126

-Med Consult
-Excessive Gag reflex
-Antibiotic premed for heart defects
-consult for nitrous-oxide

Front 127

What condition refers to:

a collection of neurologically-based developmental disorders in which individuals have impairments in social interaction and communication skills

Back 127

Autism

Front 128

What type of disorder is Autism considered to be

Back 128

Sprectum Disorder

Front 129

What sex is autism more common in and when does it appear

Back 129

4x more common in MALES

appears w/in first 3yrs

Front 130

What type of Autism is ONLY found in GIRLS?

Back 130

Rett's Disorder

Front 131

What condition are these signs/symptoms of:

-communication-language develops slow or never
-Echolalia (parrot-like repitition)
-difficulty w/change

Back 131

Autism

Front 132

What condition is:

-IQ below 70
-Sub-average intellectual fx

Back 132

Mental Retardation

Front 133

What are the 4 stages of Mental Retardation

Back 133

1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Profound

Front 134

What stage of mental retardation is
-Educable
-6th grade academic ability

Back 134

Mild
Mental Retardation

Front 135

What stage of mental retardation is:
-trainable
-2nd grade academic ability
-good self-care skills
-jobs w/supervision

Back 135

Moderate
Mental Retardation

Front 136

What stage of mental retardation is:
-CUSTODIAL
-ongoing, consistent levels of support
-BASIC self care
-CLOSE supervision
-Group homes or live w/family

Back 136

Severe
Mental Retardation

Front 137

What stage of mental retardation is:
-Custodial
-HIGH level of support for ADL

Back 137

Profound
Mental Retardation

Front 138

What type of factors are these regarding mental retardation

-Chromosomal abnormalities
-Congenital factors
-Genetic neurologic disorders
-malnutrition

Back 138

Prenatal factors

Front 139

What type of factors are these regarding mental retardation

-Prematurity
-CNS bleeding
-Breech or High Forceps delivery
-Preeclampsia (sudden high BP)

Back 139

Perinatal Factors

Front 140

What type of factors are these regarding mental retardation

-Viral/bacterial Encephalitides
-Lead and Mercury Poisoning
-SEVERE malnutrition
-HEAD INJURIES
-Asphysxia

Back 140

Postnatal Factors

Front 141

4 Levels of Mental Retardation

Back 141

Level A: severe

Level B: moderate

Level C: mild

Level D: normal

Front 142

What condition are these signs/symptoms of:

-difficulty in learning/applying
-Microcephaly (small head)
-Hydrocephaly (expansion of the cranium)

Back 142

Mental Retardation

Front 143

What condition are these oral manifestations assoc with?

-Higher prevalence of perio
-higher incidence of malocclusion and deviations

(may be some physical self-abuse)

Back 143

Mental Retardation

Front 144

What are some special considerations for mental retardation

Back 144

Tell-show-do
-direct communication
-warm,friendly atmosphere
-Nitrous Oxide

Front 145

What condition is

-most common form of Dimentia
-brain shrinks as gap develops
-progressive, irreversible brain disorder

-no gender/race prevalence

Back 145

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 146

What is the etiology for Alzheimer's disease

Back 146

not certain
-age and family hx possible

Front 147

What condition are these signs/symptoms for

-memory loss affects job
-difficulty performing familiar tasks
-disorientation w/time and place
-change in personality

Back 147

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 148

4 Stages of Alzheimer's Disease

Back 148

1. Early Stage
2. Middle Stage
3. Advanced Stage
4. Terminal Stage

Front 149

What stage of Alzheimer's Disease is:

-forgetfullness
-personality changes
-work performance difficulty
-social withdrawal
-errors in judgment

Back 149

Early stage

Front 150

What stage of Alzheimer's is:

-Disorientation
-loss of coordination
-progressive memory loss
-terrible/sudden disaster reactions (b/c of loss of time)

Back 150

Middle Stage

Front 151

What stage of Alzheimer's is:

-Profound comprehension difficulty
-bowel incontinence
-seizures
-inability to recognize family
-aggression

Back 151

Advanced Stage

Front 152

What stage of Alzheimer's is:

-physical IMMOBILITY
-difficulty swallowing
-mutism
-unaware of surroundings
-total helplessness

Back 152

Terminal Stage

Front 153

What are the 4 FDA approved drugs for Alzheimer's and when do they have to be started to work

Back 153

1. Cognex
2. Atricept
3. Exelon
4. Reminyl

have to start them EARLY

Front 154

What condition is this tx plan appropriate for:

-short appt
-best in morning, not dark
-don't treat like child
-DHE short/simple
-sedation may be necessary
-3-sided toothbrush
-tell them it's "non-gagging"
-explain EVERYTHING
-put cotton rolls on instruments to trick them

Back 154

Alzheimer's Diseasee

Front 155

What condition can result from:

any structural/functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with/eject blood

Back 155

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Front 156

What is the most common cause of death in the US

Back 156

Congestive Heart Failure

(more common in elderly, 5% <40)

Front 157

These are the most common causes of what condition:

-Coronary artery disease
-hypertension
-cardiomyopathy(enlarged heart)
-infective endocarditis
-valvular heart disease
-pulmonary embolism
-endocrine disease

Back 157

CHF

Front 158

These are the signs/sympoms of what disease:

-Rapid/Shallow breathing

-Cheyne-Stokes respiration (periodic breathing shallow to deep)

-Inspiratory Rales (crackling)

-Gallop rhythm

-Heart murmur

-Ascites (fluid accumulates in abdomen)

Back 158

CHF

Front 159

What are the 3 stages of CHF

Back 159

1. First stage: ventricular dysfunction, development of gallop rhythm

2. Second stage: dyspnea, pulmonary congestion, peripheral edema

3. Third stage: compensated heart failure

Front 160

4 Classes of CHF

Back 160

Class I: no limitation, no problems

Class II: Slight limitation, fatigue , palpitations, but COMFORTABLE AT REST

Class III: MARKED limitation of activity, less than ordinary physical activity, COMFORTABLE at REST

Class IV: symptoms PRESENT at REST

Front 161

what 4 Treatments are used for CHF

Back 161

1. ACE inhibitors **MOST IMPORTANT when fighting CHF

2. Diuretics: given w/other meds
(lowers BP)

3. Beta Blockers: prevent adrenaline from binding to heart cells (slows heart rate)

4. Inotropes: INC strength of heart's contractions (prescribe ACE inhibitors before inotropes)