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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sympathetic division outflow
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thoracolumbar region of spinal cord
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sympathetic division pregang neuron length
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short
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sympathetic division postgang neuron length
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long
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sympathetic division innervation of adrenal gland
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direct innervation (passes through the ganglia but there is no synapse)
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parasympathetic division outflow
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cranio-sacral region of the spinal cord
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parasympathetic division pregang neuron length
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long
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parasympathetic division postgang neuron length
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short
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parasympathetic neurons do not innervate (4)
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adrenal medulla
kidney pilomotor muscle sweat gland |
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definition of neurotransmitter
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endogenous chemical entities that facilitate the transmission of electrical (nerve) impulses
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in general, NTs are synthesized, stored, released, and inactivated ________ but effects are ____ ________
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locally
far reaching |
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examples of NTs
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acetylcholine
monoamines amino acids peptides |
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monoamine NTs
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epinephrine
norepinephrine serotonine |
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amino acid NTs
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glycine
GABA |
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GABA stands for
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gamma amino butyric acid
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peptide NTs
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substance P
enkephaline endorphins |
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ionotropic effect
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when a receptor is also an ion channel
immediate effect |
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metabotropic effect
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when a receptor produces a 2nd messenger
lag time |
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cholinergic neurons
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neurons that release acetylcholine
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ACh is the neurotransmitter of
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all pregang fibers of symp & para
all postgang of para adrenal medulla somatic NS few postgang of symp (sweat & salivary glands) some CNS neurons |
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role of ACh in CNS (4)
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cognition
memory behaviour coordination of movement |
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role of ACh in eyes
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constiction of pupils (miosis) ~ near vision
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role of ACh in lungs & bronchioles
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incr constriction of bronchioles
incr secretion from the tracheobronchial mucosa |
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role of ACh in GIT
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incr contraction & scretions of stomach (incr digestion)
incr motility of intestine (parastaltic waves) |
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role of ACh in bladder
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contraction ~ micturition
contraction of detrussor muscle, relaxation of sphincter & trigone muscles |
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role of ACh in exocrine glands
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incr secretions of salivary, sweat, & lacrymal glands
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role of ACh in heart
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decr rate of contraction (- chronotropic)
decr force of contraction (- ionotropic) |
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role of ACh in blood vessels
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relaxation of smooth muscles of blood vessels - vasodilation
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what kind of receptor does acetylcholine bind to?
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cholinergic receptors
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what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors
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nicotinic
muscarinic |
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where is nicotine found?
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tobacco
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where is muscarine found?
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poisonous mushroom ~ amanita muscarina
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what 2 rings does nicotine have in its structure?
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pyridine
pyrrolidine |
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what are nicotine receptors coupled to?
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ion channels
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a nicotinic receptor has how many subunits? where does ACh bind?
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5 subunits - 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 gamma, 1 delta
ACh binds to alpha subunit |
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where are 3 places that nicotinic receptors are located
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neuromuscular junction
autonomic ganglia CNS |
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what is myasthenia gravis?
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an autoimmune disease
-muscle weakness, drooping eyelids -lethargy -possible paralysis nicotinic receptors at NMJ destroyed by antibodies |
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what do muscle relaxants target
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nictonic receptors at NMJ
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a blockade of the autonomic ganglia can cause:
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sever hypotension
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what are the 2 nicotinic receptor subtypes
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N1 & N2 receptors
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N1 nicotinic receptors (location, blocked by?)
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located at NMJ
blocked by: decamethonium, d-tubocurarine, succinylcholine |
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N2 nicotinic receptors (location, blocked by?)
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located at autonomic ganglia
blocked by: hexamethonium |
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which receptor mediates most of ACh responses
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muscarinic
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action of ACh on muscarinic receptors (6)
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stimulates secretions of salivary & sweat glands
stimulates secretions & contraction of gut constricts airways of respiratory tract decreases contraction of heart relaxes smooth muscles of blood vessels |
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where are muscarinic receptors located
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in CNS & PNS
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structure of muscarinic receptors
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7 transmembrane helical protein domains
-extracellular domains -intracelluar domains |
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g-protein coupled receptors
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muscarinic receptors
g-protein: family of proteins bind to guanine nucleotides |
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M1 muscarinic receptor location
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mostly in CNS
also in GIT |
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M2 muscarinic receptor location
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mostly in the heart
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M3 muscarinic receptor location
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exocrine glands & smooth muscle
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M4 muscarinic receptor location
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tracheal smooth muscle
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stimulation of phospholipase C
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M1, M3, M5
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inhibition of adenylate cyclaase
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M2, M4
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stereochemistry of ACh to bind at nicotinic receptor
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anti conformation - groups farthest apart
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stereochemsitry of ACh to bind at muscarinic receptor
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gauche conformation - groups near eachother
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cholinergic agonist
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agent that mimics the action of ACh at muscarinic receptors
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cholinergic antagonist
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agent that blocks the action of ACh at muscarinic receptors
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cholinergic agonists AKA
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parasympathomimetics
muscarinic agonists ACh agonists |
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cholinergic antagonists AKA
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parasympatholytics
anticholinergics muscarinic antagonists cholinergic blockers ACh antagonists |
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ganglionic blocker
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agent that binds & inhibits the nicotinic-receptor mediated response of ACh at the autonomic ganglia
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skeletal muscle relaxants
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agents that bind & inhibit the nicotinic-receptor mediated response of ACh at the NMJ
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what form of ACh is active
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stored ACh (when not stored, enzymes will break down)
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sources of ACh
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most made from recycled choline
some made from serine |
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ACh is stored in vessels until:
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an action potential is received
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what causes the storage vesicle to fuse to the presynaptic membrane?
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Ca that diffuses inward after the action potential makes the membrane more permeable
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ACh is inactivated by:
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AChE (acteylcholine esterase)
BuChE (butyrylcholine esterase) |
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what are the 2 ways for the reuptake of choline
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high affinity reuptake
low affinity reuptake |
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high affinity reuptake
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major mode
energy dependent blocked by hemicholinium |
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low affinity reuptake
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not considered important
not energy dependent likely occurs by diffusion |
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AChE
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major mode of inactivation
found in and around neurons specific for ACh & propionylcholine |
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BuChE
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minor mode of inactivation
found in plasma broad substrate range |