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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Types of pathologic calcification
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high level of calcium:
metastatic (overwhelm by ca++) dystrophic (dead or dying) |
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Metastatic calcification
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Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues due to a derangement of calcium metabolism (hypercalcemia).
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What is karyolysis?
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Fading of nuclear basophilia due to DNAse activity.
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What is pyknosis?
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Nuclear shrinkage with increased basophilia due to DNA condensation.
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What is karyorrhexis?
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Fragmentation of the pyknotic nucleus with its eventual disappearance.
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Causes of apoptosis
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Embryogenesis
Hormone-dependent physiologic involution Cell deletion in proliferating cell populations Deletion of autoreactive clones (immunoregulation) Injury to cellular DNA |
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Cellular aging
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A progressive accumulation of sublethal injuries that compromise cell function and may lead to cell death or diminished capacity to react to injury.
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Signs of cellular aging
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Reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Reduced protein synthesis Diminished capacity to for nutrients Diminished capacity to repair DNA Irregular nuclei, vacuolated mitochondria, diminished ER & Golgi, lipofuscin, abnormal folded proteins |
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What are telomeres?
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Short, multiple repeated sequences of nontranscribed DNA (TTAGGG) located at the ends of chromosomes
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How do telomeres function?
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With each replication in somatic cells, the telomere shortens.
Telomere length is restored by telomerase, or cell eventually looses the ability to replicate |
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What are clock genes?
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Genes that regulate the growth and timing of multiple developmental processes.
(e.g., clk-1 found in lower animals) where some animal/cells can regenerate. ex. liver |
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keloid
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an accumulation of exuberant amounts of collagen resulting in a raised tumorous scar
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