Mechanisms Of Immunity

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The immune system

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Protects the body from pathological bacteria, foreign tissue cells, and cancerous cells. Made of defensive cells and molecules. Nonspecific immunity vs. specific immunity

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Non specific immunity

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Skin and mucous membranes and tears and mucus. Signs of inflammation include heat, redness, pain, and swelling

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How Non specific immunity works

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Inflammation attracts immune cells to site of injury, increases blood flow, increases vascular permeability, promotes movement of WBC to site of injury or infection (chemotaxis)

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Specific immunity

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Called adaptive immunity because of its way to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria. Inherited or inborn immunity.

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Dendritic cells (phagocyte)

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Often found at or near external surfaces

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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

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Ingest the harmful cell or substance, pull of its antigen, then display some of those antigens on themselves so that the immune system can destroy them

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Lymphocytes

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Most numerous of immune cells. 2 types-B and T cells. Look for enemy cells in the body

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How specific immunity works

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Involves memory of that harmful substance or bacteria. The second time around the body encounters it, it can be destroyed without an immune response giving you symptoms

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Acquired immunity

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Natural immunity-exposure to causative agent is not deliberate. Active-produces immunity. Passive-from mother to fetus or newborn breastfed baby

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Artificial immunity

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Exposure to causative agent is deliberate. Active-vaccination results in activation of immune system. Passive-protective material is taken from an immune person and given to a non immune person

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Antibodies

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Protein compounds with specific combining sites. Antigen-antibody complexes may: neutralize toxins, clump or agglutinate enemy cells, or promote phagocytosis

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Combining sites

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Attach antibodies to specific antigens (foreign proteins), forming an antigen-antibody complex-called humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity

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Compliment cascade

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Group of proteins normal present in blood in inactive state. Important mechanism of action for antibodies

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How a complement cascade works

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Complement binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen. It then triggers a series of reactions that produce time protein rings that create holes in surface of foreign cell

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Neutrophils (phagocyte)

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Short lived phagocytic cells

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Monocytes (phagocytes)

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Develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissues.

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Specific immunity

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Called adaptive immunity because of its way to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria. Inherited or inborn immunity.

Front 18

Dendritic cells (phagocyte)

Back 18

Often found at or near external surfaces

Front 19

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Back 19

Ingest the harmful cell or substance, pull of its antigen, then display some of those antigens on themselves so that the immune system can destroy them

Front 20

Lymphocytes

Back 20

Most numerous of immune cells. 2 types-B and T cells. Look for enemy cells in the body

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First stage of developing B cells

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Stem cells develop into immature B cells. Only in bone marrow of adults. After they mature, inactive B cells migrate to lymph nodes

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How specific immunity works

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Involves memory of that harmful substance or bacteria. The second time around the body encounters it, it can be destroyed without an immune response giving you symptoms

Front 23

Acquired immunity

Back 23

Natural immunity-exposure to causative agent is not deliberate. Active-produces immunity. Passive-from mother to fetus or newborn breastfed baby

Front 24

Artificial immunity

Back 24

Exposure to causative agent is deliberate. Active-vaccination results in activation of immune system. Passive-protective material is taken from an immune person and given to a non immune person

Front 25

Antibodies

Back 25

Protein compounds with specific combining sites. Antigen-antibody complexes may: neutralize toxins, clump or agglutinate enemy cells, or promote phagocytosis

Front 26

Combining sites

Back 26

Attach antibodies to specific antigens (foreign proteins), forming an antigen-antibody complex-called humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity

Front 27

Compliment cascade

Back 27

Group of proteins normal present in blood in inactive state. Important mechanism of action for antibodies

Front 28

How a complement cascade works

Back 28

Complement binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen. It then triggers a series of reactions that produce time protein rings that create holes in surface of foreign cell

Front 29

Neutrophils (phagocyte)

Back 29

Short lived phagocytic cells

Front 30

Monocytes (phagocytes)

Back 30

Develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissues.

Front 31

Specific immunity

Back 31

Called adaptive immunity because of its way to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria. Inherited or inborn immunity.

Front 32

Dendritic cells (phagocyte)

Back 32

Often found at or near external surfaces

Front 33

Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Back 33

Ingest the harmful cell or substance, pull of its antigen, then display some of those antigens on themselves so that the immune system can destroy them

Front 34

Lymphocytes

Back 34

Most numerous of immune cells. 2 types-B and T cells. Look for enemy cells in the body

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First stage of developing B cells

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Stem cells develop into immature B cells. Only in bone marrow of adults. After they mature, inactive B cells migrate to lymph nodes

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Second stage of developing B cells

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Inactive B cells turns into Activated B cell. Forms two clones of cells plasma (effector) cells and memory cells. Memory cells stored in lymph nodes

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How specific immunity works

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Involves memory of that harmful substance or bacteria. The second time around the body encounters it, it can be destroyed without an immune response giving you symptoms

Front 38

Acquired immunity

Back 38

Natural immunity-exposure to causative agent is not deliberate. Active-produces immunity. Passive-from mother to fetus or newborn breastfed baby

Front 39

Artificial immunity

Back 39

Exposure to causative agent is deliberate. Active-vaccination results in activation of immune system. Passive-protective material is taken from an immune person and given to a non immune person

Front 40

Antibodies

Back 40

Protein compounds with specific combining sites. Antigen-antibody complexes may: neutralize toxins, clump or agglutinate enemy cells, or promote phagocytosis

Front 41

Combining sites

Back 41

Attach antibodies to specific antigens (foreign proteins), forming an antigen-antibody complex-called humoral, or antibody-mediated immunity

Front 42

Compliment cascade

Back 42

Group of proteins normal present in blood in inactive state. Important mechanism of action for antibodies

Front 43

How a complement cascade works

Back 43

Complement binding sites on antibody are exposed after attaching to antigen. It then triggers a series of reactions that produce time protein rings that create holes in surface of foreign cell

Front 44

Neutrophils (phagocyte)

Back 44

Short lived phagocytic cells

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Monocytes (phagocytes)

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Develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissues.

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Development of T cells

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Stem cells from bone marrow migrate to thymus gland. First stage-stem cells develop into T cells. Migrate to lymph nodes from thymus. Second stage-

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Cytotoxic T cells

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Kill infected or tumor cells by releasing a substance that poisons infected tumor cells

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Cytotoxic T cells

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Kill infected or tumor cells by releasing a substance that poisons infected tumor cells

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Helper T cells

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Release chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis. Produce chemicals that help activate B cells

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Regulatory T cells

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Release chemicals to suppress immune responses

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Systemic lupus eryhematosus

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Chronic inflammatory disease cause by numerous antibodies attacking a variety of issues. Common affects joints, blood vessels, kidneys, nervous system and skin

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Interferons

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Small protein produced by body cells in response to viral infection. Significant role in nonspecific innate immunity to many viruses.