Mechanisms Of Disease Exam 3: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine

Front 1

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, Dopamine are autonomic mediators/neurotransmitters known as _____.

Back 1

-catecholamines

Front 2

aka adrenalin

Back 2

epinephrine

Front 3

secreted directly into the blood by the adrenal medulla

Back 3

epinephrine

Front 4

In fight or flight, increased sympathetic tone to the adrenal medulla causes it to squirt ____ into the blood.

Back 4

epinephrine

Front 5

Once in the blood, epinephrine has access to all tissues but its effect on each tissue is dependent on:

Back 5

-the (predominant) adrenergic receptor in that tissue
-the specific effect caused by agonism of that particular receptor in that particular tissue

Front 6

Epinephrine on Beta 1 receptors in the heart cause:

Back 6

-increased heart rate and contractility

Front 7

Epinephrine on Beta 2 receptors in the bronchioles cause:

Back 7

-bronchiolar dilation

Front 8

Epinephrine on Beta 2 receptors in skeletal muscle arterioles cause:

Back 8

-vasodilation

Front 9

Epinephrine on Alpha 1 receptors in skin and GI tract vessels cause:

Back 9

-vasoconstriction

Front 10

Secreted directly into the blood by the adrenal medulla but equals less than 20% of its output

Back 10

Norepinephrine

Front 11

Under most conditions, NE released from the adrenal medulla is NOT so important as its release from ______.

Back 11

-sympathetic nerve terminals

Front 12

The only neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerve endings (with two clinically insignificant exceptions)

Back 12

-norepinephrine

Front 13

Autonomic Storm

Back 13

-during fight or flight, increased sympathetic tone goes not only to the adrenal medulla but everywhere else as well

Front 14

The effect of NE on each tissue is dependent on:

Back 14

-the (predominant) adrenergic receptor in that tissue
-the specific effect cause by agonism of that particular receptor in that particular tissue

Front 15

NE on Beta 1 receptors in the heart cause:

Back 15

-increased heart rate and contractility

Front 16

NE on Beta 2 receptors in the bronchioles causes:

Back 16

-bronchiolar dilation

Front 17

NE on Beta 2 receptors in the kidney causes:

Back 17

-renin secretion

Front 18

NE on Alpha 1 receptors in skeletal muscle arterioles causes:

Back 18

-vasoconstriction

Front 19

NE on Alpha 1 receptors in skin, GI tract and kidney vessels causes:

Back 19

-vasoconstriction

Front 20

NE on Alpha 2 receptors in vasomotor center causes:

Back 20

-decreased sympathetic outflow from cord

Front 21

Blushing

Back 21

-decreased sympathetic activity to vessels of head, neck, shoulders, upper chest
-permits vasodilation causing redness

Front 22

Blanching

Back 22

-increased sympathetic activity to vessels
-causes vasoconstriction and whiteness
-opposite of blushing

Front 23

Cold Ambient Temperature

Back 23

-increased sympathetic tone to cutaneous vessels
-causing cutaneous vasoconstriction to conserve heat
-blanching
-reverse is also true

Front 24

Increased temperature of blood

Back 24

-perfusing the anterior hypothalamus
-decreased sympathetic tone to cutaneous vessels
-causing cutaneous vasodilation to dissipate heat

Front 25

During exercise

Back 25

-increased sympathetic tone to cutaneous vessels
-initial cutaneous vasoconstriction
-shunts blood away from skin to support heart and skeletal muscles
-as body temp. increases, perfusion of blood to anterior hypothalamus overrides initial effect
-permits cutaneous vasodilation in order to dissipate heat

Front 26

Skeletal muscle arterioles at rest are under _____ control but during exercise, ____ takes over leading to ____.

Back 26

-myogenic and sympathetic
-metabolic control (autoregulation)
[ie. increased pCO2]
-vasodilation

Front 27

Brain vasculature is almost entirely controlled by ____.

Back 27

-autoregulation (metabolic control)

Front 28

T/F: Sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers in brain parenchyma are sparse and of little effect.

Back 28

-true

Front 29

Coronary vasculature is innervated by ____ fibers that release _____ onto _____.

Back 29

-sympathetic
-NE
-alpha 1, beta 1 &/or beta 2 receptors

Front 30

Coronary arteries are mainly under ____ control.

Back 30

-autoregulatory (metabolic) like skeletal muscles and brain vessels
-ie. when the heart muscle works harder, its arterioles dilate to supply more blood

Front 31

Which nervous system has little or no influence on blood vessels of the heart?

Back 31

-parasympathetic

Front 32

Vasovagal Syncope

Back 32

-sudden, transient loss of consciousness (fainting)

Front 33

The prototype situation in which vasovagal syncope occurs is ____. Why?

Back 33

-emotional surprise or shock
-event interpreted by limbic system as shocking

Front 34

Limbic System

Back 34

-widely distributed and large collective mass of brain tissue which has neurologic connections to the vasomotor center in the medulla.