Mechanisms Of Action

Front 1

- paracetamol/Panadol

Back 1

- Exact mechanism unclear. Causes inhibition of prostaglandin or pain receptor sensitising substance synthesis in the CNS. Also causes decreased temperature by acting on the hypothalamic heat-regulating centre.

Front 2

- acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin/Astrix/Cartia/Cardiprin

Back 2

- Cause decreased inflammation, decreased pain, decreased temperature, and increased bleeding time by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and decreasing prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Also causes peripheral vasodilation and sweating by acting on the hypothalamic heat-regulating centre.

Front 3

- ibuprofen
- ketoprofen
- naproxen
- tiaprofenic acid
- indomethacin
- ketorolac trometamol
- mefanamic acid

Back 3

- Exact mechanism unclear. Cause decreased pain and fever by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and decreasing prostaglandin synthesis.

Front 4

- codeine
- tramadol
- fentanyl
- methadone
- morphine
- oxycodone/Oxycontin/Endone
- pethidine

Back 4

- Cause decreased pain, decreased consciousness, decreased pupil dilation, decreased coughing, decreased respiratory rate, decreased blood pressure, decreased heart rate, decreased intestinal motility, decreased gastric emptying, and decreased histamine release by stimulating CNS and PNS receptors.

Front 5

- amoxycillin/Amoxil/Cilamox
- ampicillin/Ampicyn/Ibimicyn
- benzylpenicillin/BenPen
- flucloxacillin/Flopen/Staphylex
- piperacillin/Tazocin
- procaine penicillin/Cilicaine
- ticarcillin/Timentin

Back 5

- Cause decreased cell wall synthesis in bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.

Front 6

- cephalexin/Keflex
- cephazolin/Cefazolin
- cefaclor/Ceclor
- cefoxitin
- cefuroxine/Zinnat
- cefotaxime
- ceftazidime/Fortum
- ceftriaxone/Rocephin

Back 6

- Cause decreased cell wall synthesis in bacteria by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.

Front 7

- amikacin/Amikin
- gentamycin
- neomycin/Kenacomb
- tobramycin/Tobrex

Back 7

- Cause decreased protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomal subunit and damaging cell membrane.

Front 8

- doxycycline/Doxsig/Vibramycin
- minocycline/Akamin/Minomycin
- tetracycline/Optycin
- tigecycline/Tygacil

Back 8

- Cause decreased protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomal subunit.

Front 9

- azithromycin/Zithromax
- clarithromycin/Klacid
- erythromycin/EES/Eryc/Erythrocin
- roxythromycin/Rulide

Back 9

- Cause decreased protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomal subunit.

Front 10

- chloramphenical/Chloromyectin/Chlorsig

Back 10

- Cause decreased protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomal subunit and preventing peptifyltransferase activity.

Front 11

- ciprofloxacin/Cifran/Ciprol
- moxifloxacin/Avelox
- norfloxacin/Noroxin
- ofloxacin/Ocuflox

Back 11

- Cause decreased DNA synthesis in bacteria by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

Front 12

- metronidazole/Flagyl
- tinidazole

Back 12

- Cause decreased DNA synthesis in microorganisms that contain nitroreductase.

Front 13

- digoxin/Lanoxin

Back 13

- Cause decreased conduction of electrical activity in cardiac muscle tissue (negative dromotrope), decreased cardiac output), decreased heart rate (negative chronotrope, decreased cardiac output), and increased contractility of cardiac muscle tissue (positive inotrope, increased cardiac output) by decreasing sodium and potassium transport across cell membranes.

Front 14

- acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin/Astrix/Cartia/Cardiprin
- clopidogrel/Iscover/Plavix
- dipyridamole/Persantin

Combinations
- aspirin+clopidogrel/DuoCover

Back 14

- aspirin - Causes decreased platelet stickiness and aggregation ability, and decreased blood viscosity inhibiting cyclooxygenase and decreasing thromboxane synthesis.
- clopidogrel - Causes decreased platelet aggregation ability by competing with platelets for receptors on other platelets.
- dipyridamole - Causes decreased platelet function by inhibiting phosphoesterase ad platelet cAMP.

Front 15

- alteplase/Actilyse
- reteplase/Rapilysin
- streptokinase/Steptase
- tenecteplase/Metalyse

Back 15

- Cause thrombolysis by converting plasminogen to plasmin and catalysing fibrin breakdown.

Front 16

- heparin

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH)

- enoxaparin/Clexane
- delteparin/Fragmin

Back 16

- Cause augmentation of antithrombin III, and decreased conversion of factor II (prothrombin) into factor IIa (thrombin) and factor I (fibrinogen) into factor Ia (fibrin) by decreasing activity of factor Xa and factor IIa (thrombin) and increasing the effect of antiFactor Xa and antithrombin III.

Front 17

- warfarin/Coumadin/Marevan

Back 17

- Cause decreased synthesis of coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X in the liver by competing for enzymes with vitamin K, which is essential to the process.

Front 18

- glyceryl trinitrate/Anginine/Lycinate/Minitran/Nitro-Dur/Transiderm-Nitro/Nitrolingual
- isosorbide mononitrate/Duride/Imdur/Monodur/Intrate SR
- isosorbide dinitrate/Isordil/Sorbidin

Back 18

- Cause decreased oxygen demand in cardiac muscle tissue by causing vasodilation, decreasing blood pressure, increasing heart rate, decreasing preload, and decreasing afterload.

Front 19

- prazosin/Minipress
- terazosin/Hytrin

Back 19

- Cause vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance by competing with catecholamines for alpha receptors in arterioles and venules.

Front 20

- captopril/Capoten/Acenorm
- enalapril/Vasotec/Renitec
- fosinopril/Monace/Monopril
- lisinopril/Zestril/Prinivil/Liprace
- perindopril/Coversyl
- quinipril/Accupril
- ramipril/Tritace

Back 20

- Cause decreased fluid and electrolyte reabsorption in the kidneys, decreased circulating blood volume, vasodilation, and decreased systemic vascular resistance by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme and conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

Front 21

- candesartan/Atacand
- irbesartan/Karvea/Avapro
- losartan/Cozaar
- telmisartan/Micardis
- valsartan/Diovan

Back 21

- Cause vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance by competing with angtiotensin II for angiotensin II receptors.

Front 22

- atenolol/Tenormin/Noten
- esmolol/Brevibloc
- metoprolol/Betaloc/Lopessor

- carvedilol/Coreg
- nadolol/Corgard
- oxprenalolol/Corbeton
- propranolol/Inderal
- pindolol/Visken
- sotalol/Cardol/Sotacor

Back 22

- Cause decreased oxygen demand in cardiac muscle tissue, vasodilation, decreased systemic vascular resistance, decreased conduction of electrical activity in cardiac muscle tissue (negative dromotrope, decreased cardiac output), decreased heart rate (negative chronotrope, decreased cardiac output), decreased contractility of cardiac muscle tissue (negative inotrope, decreased cardiac output), and decreased blood glucose levels by competing with catecholamines for beta receptors.

Front 23

- amlodipine/Norvasc
- felodipine/Plendil
- nifedipine/Procardia/Adalat

- diltiazem/Cardizem
- verapamil/Isoptin/Cordilox

Back 23

- Cause vasodilation in small arteries, decreased systemic vascular resistance, decreased conduction of electrical activity in cardiac muscle tissue (negative dromotrope, decreased cardiac output), decreased heart rate (negative chronotrope, decreased cardiac output), and decreased contractility of cardiac muscle tissue (negative inotrope, decreased cardiac output) by decreasing calcium channel activity and decreasing
calcium transport across cell membranes.

Front 24

- diazoxide
- hydralazine/Alphapress/Apresoline
- minoxidil/Loniten
- sodium nitroprusside

Back 24

- Cause vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance.

Front 25

- adrenaline
- dobutamine
- isoprenaline

Back 25

- Cause various effects, including increased contractility of cardiac muscle tissue (positive inotrope, increased cardiac output), by stimulating alpha and beta receptors.
- adrenaline - Causes increased heart rate (positive chronotrope, increased cardiac output) and bronchorelaxation. Also causes vasodilation at low doses and vasoconstriction at high doses.
- dobutamine - Causes vasodilation.
- isoprenaline - Causes decreased peripheral vascular resistance, increased heart rate (positive chronotrope, increased cardiac output).

Front 26

- disopyramide/Rythmodan
- quinidine bisulphate/Kinidin Durules
- lignocaine/Xylocard
- phenytoin/Dilantin
- mexiletine/Mexitil
- flecainide/Flecatab/Tambocor

Back 26

- Cause slow repolarisation during action potentials by decreasing sodium channel activity and reinflux of sodium.

Front 27

- amiodarone/Cordarone
- sotolol/Sotacor

Back 27

- Cause increased action potential duration.

Front 28

- atorvastatin/Lipitor
- fluvastatin/Lescol/Vastin
- pravastatin/Pravachol
- simvastatin/Lipex/Zocor

Back 28

- Cause decreased cholesterol synthesis in the liver, increased low density lipoprotein receptor expression in the liver, increased low density lipoprotein binding in the liver, and increased cholesterol uptake by the liver by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase.

Front 29

- cholestyramine/Questran Lite

Back 29

- Cause increased cholesterol demand and increased low density lipoprotein uptake by the liver by binding to bile acids and decreasing bile acid reabsorption.