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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the four categories involved in the organization of the respiratory system?
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1) lungs and muscle pump, 2) gas exchange unit, 3) circulatory system and blood and 4) regulation of ventilation and perfusion.
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what are the three forms of control that regulate ventilation and perfusion?
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neuronal, hormonal and local control
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what is internal respiration?
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mitochondria = glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H20 + H + heat + ATP
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what is external respiration?
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O2 travels from the atmosphere to the lungs to the heart and vasculature to the tissues and then CO2 flows in the opposite direction depositing in the atmosphere.
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what are the two physiological importances of gas exchange?
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maintain O2 delivery to tissues (prevent hypoxia) and elimination of CO2 (prevent hypercapnia/acidosis)
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What type of pattern is exhibited in the movement of gas in the body?
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convection (brain) --> diffusion (pulmonary) --> convection (internal) --> diffusion (tissue)
ie: bulk flow, diffusion, bulk flow, diffusion. |
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The primary symbols used in respiratory physiology are F, P, Q, Q(dot), R, S, V, and V(dot). what does each one stand for?
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F- fractional concentration in dry gas
P- pressure or partial pressure Q- volume of blood Q(dot)- volume of blood per unit time R- respiratory exchange ratio S- saturation of Hb with O2 V- volume of gas V(dot)- volume of gas per unit time. |
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what are the secondary symbols used for the gas phase? (IDEAL TB)
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A- Alveolar
B-Barometric D- dead space E- expired I- inspired L- lung T- tidal |
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what are the secondary symbols used for the blood phase? (CCAVVI)
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a- arterial
c- capillary c'- end-capillary i- ideal v- venous v(line)- mixed venous |
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what are static mechanics?
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when volume is not changing, no air flow.
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the lung consists of 6 structures, what are they?
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airways, lung parenchyma, interstitial matrix, alveolar surfaces and pulmonary circulation
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the chest wall consists of 4 structures, what are they?
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structures outside of the lung that move the rib cage, diaphragm, abdominal cavity and anterior abdominal muscles.
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what ultimately determines lung volume?
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interaction of lung and chest wall
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what is the static tendency of lungs?
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to collapse due to an inward elastic recoil (for any lung volume).
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what is the static tendency of the chest wall?
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to expand due to an outward elastic recoil.
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why is Ppl negative?
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because the two membranes (visceral and parietal pleura) are pulling away from each other.
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What is the formula for calculating alveolar pressure?
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elastic recoil pressure + pleural pressure. ie (Pel + Ppl)
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what is Pressure across the lung called? how is it calculated?
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transpulmonary pressure (Pl)
alveolar pressure (Pa) - pleural pressure (Ppl) |
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how do you calculate the pressure across the chest wall?
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Pw= Ppl - Pb
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how do you calculate the pressure for respiratory system?
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Prs= PL + Pw
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ultimately, based on the formulas used to determined various pressures, what is PL equivalent to?
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Pel
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PL is lung ______ pressure; Pel is lung _______ pressure.
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distending; collapsing
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what are the two ways to correct a pneumothroax?
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1) add positive pressure in airway and 2) remove air from pleural space to re-create the negative intrapleural pressure
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what are the two ways that Vital capacity can be calculated?
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VC= IRV + Vt + ERV or
VC= IC + ERV |
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what are the two ways that Total lung capacity can be calculated?
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TLC= VC + RV or
TLC= IC + FRC |
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how do you calculate Functional residual capacity?
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FRC+ ERV + RV
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define vital capacity.
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maximum volume of gas that can be exchanged in a single breath
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define total lung capacity.
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maximum volume of gas that the lungs (and airways) can contain
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define functional residual capacity.
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volume of gas remaining in the lings (and airways) at the end of a normal exhalation
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define inspiratory capacity.
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is the volume between the end of exhalation of a tidal breath and the total lung capacity
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In and obstructive disease like emphysema, what is increased?
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Residual volume.
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In a restrictive disease like pulmonary fibrosis, what is decreased?
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Total lung capacity
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