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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the fire triangle of needs?
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fuel
high temperature oxygen (1067) |
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What are the three sources of ignition?
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chemical (spontaneous combustion)
electrical (resistance heating such as appliances and space heaters) mechanical (friction, overheating of machinery) (1068) |
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What are the products of fire and what is the percentage of deaths caused by each?
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1. Thermal - flame and heat - responsible for 25% of deaths.
2. Non-thermal - smoke and gasses - responsible for 75% of deaths. (1068) |
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Why are gases especially dangerous?
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1. gases are invisible and often difficult to detect until its too late
2. "...all are dangerous because they displace oxygen." (1068) |
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What gasses are released during a building fire?
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Commonly, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
But also hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, cyanide, phosgene, hydrogen chloride (from burning PVC) (1068) |
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What are three common objectives in building fire safety?
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1. Protection of life
2. Protection of property 3. Continuity of operation (1069) |
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What are some design elements that are helpful to fire safety?
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1. Thermal mass (most do not burn easily)
2. High ceilings (allow smoke collection before it reaches occupant level, allows smoke/flame to be seen from greater distance) 3. windows (allow firefighter access, escape route, fresh air) 4. solid overhangs over windows (discourage vertical spread of fire, emergency refuge) 5. elevated water storage tanks (provide water for firefighting) (1070) |
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What are some potential design conflicts between ordinary building operation and fire safety?
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1. escalators (encourage vertical spread of fire and smoke)
2. daylighting and natural ventilation (fire and smoke spread easily through open plan) 3. forced air systems (provide pathways for fire and smoke) 4. windowless buildings (difficult evacuation and access) 5. high windows (danger from falling shards of glass) 6. insulation materials (burn readily, give off toxic gasses) (1070) |
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What is the principle reason why codes alone cannot assure fire safety?
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"This conflict, between interior comfort throughout the building's life and safety at the moment of its impending death by fire...(1070)
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What are the three phases of how building occupants make decisions in fires?
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First phase - cues are detected - smoke, alarms, flames...
Second phase - situation defined - how serious is the fire? Third phase - fight or flight (1072) |
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For low-rise buildings, what is the reasonable goal for evacuation time of all occupants?
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"...the time interval between the detection of a fire and the arrival of the fire fighters." (1072)
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What is minimum clear width access for wheelchair exit access?
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32"
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What do vertical exits include?
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"smokeproof towers, exterior and interior stairs and ramps, and escalators that neet specific requirements." (1072)
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Do vertical exits include elevators? Why or why not?
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NO.
"they are too easily stalled or, worse, opened at the floor of a fire by malfunctioning signal equipment." (1072) |
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What do horizontal exits include?
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"doors leading directly to the outside,
2-hours fire-rated enclosed hallways, and moving walks... internal firewalls penetrated by two fire doors - one swinging open in either direction." (1072) |
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How is minimum egress width per floor calculated?
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1. calculate floor area
2. divide floor area by occupant load. 3. calculate exit capacity based on its clear width. (1072) |
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What are good candidates for exposure protection outside the building?
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Buildings which are:
1. " surrounded by older wooden buildings." 2. " bordered by lumberyards or other commercial activities that utilitze highly flammable materials" 3. "...bordered by open fields of dry grass or brush." (1077) |
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What are some exterior exposure protections for a building?
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1. external water sprinkler system.
2. fire rated doors. 3. fire-rated shutters that close automatically at high temperatures.(1077) |
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What is "compartmentation" and how does it provide fire protection?
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Large indoor areas can be subdivided by firewalls so fire will not spread to all areas. (1078)
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What is the problem with concealed spaces and fires?
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Concealed spaces "offer paths for the spread of fire."
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What are remedies for concealed spaces fire protection?
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1. use non-combustible materials in construction.,
2. install automatic fire detection and suppression systems. 3. compartment concealed spaces with firewalls/firestops. (1078) |
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Why is structural protection an important factor in fire protection?
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"allows a building to continue to stand during a fire and enable it to be salvaged rather than demolished after the fire." (1079)
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What is the order of importance in protecting a building's structure from fire?
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"In order of importance, it is usually most critical to protect columns, girders, beams, and, finally, the floor slab." (1079)
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What are some design strategies that encourage continuity of operation after a fire?
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1. "special fire alarm/suppression systems for especially critical operations areas (control rooms for example)
2. HVAC systems that "allow for 100% outside air (to aid in purging a building of smoke) 3. "provisions for the speedy removal of water dumped on a fire from a sprinkler system." (1079) |
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How does a fire affect the spread of smoke?
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"the heat of a fire produces air pressure and buoyancy that aid the spread of smoke." (1079)
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How is smoke spread in low buildings?
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"...primarily by heat-induced convective air motion and by the differential air pressures caused by the expansion of gases as the temperature increases." (1079)
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How is smoke spread in tall buildings?
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The stack effect,
wind forces outside the building. Forced air systems within the building. (1079) |
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What are 3 passive design responses to smoke?
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1. confining the smoke to the fire area.
2. excluding smoke from refuge areas. 3. smoke barriers (curtain boards) (1080) |
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Is compartmentation always the best answer for smoke? Why or why not?
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In the example of Potomac Mills Mall, the ceilings are high, the walls are low allowing smoke to rise and not fall back to occupant level for at least the evacuation time. (1080)
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How does smoke dilution work?
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dumping large quantities of outdoor air into refuge areas - best if combined with early detection/suppression systems. (1080)
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What are 4 issues with fan-driven dilution as a solution to smoke?
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1. fan location (will it be affected by the fire?)
2. fresh air outlet location 3. stair air supply 4. velocity of fresh air supply. (1080) |
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What is the strategy for smoke exhaust systems?
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"If smoke can be removed at the same rate at which it is generated, the smoke layer can be kept from descending.
(1081) |
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What are the 7 advantages of a smoke exhaust system over confinement or dilution approaches?
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1. remove toxic gases
2. improve air quality in vicinity of fire 3. control direction of fire 4. remove unburned but combustible gases from fire 5. keep smoke out of refuge areas even when doors open by pressure differential 6. more resistant to stack effect, buoyancy and wind factors for tall buildings 7. help remove smoke after the fire. (1081) |
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How does the HVAC system work with the fire detection/suppression system?
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Smoke detection/suppression system overrides the normal HVAC operation, usually switching to 100% outside air, and blocking the return duct system thus keeping smoke out of the return ducts and pressurizing each HVAC zone to form a smoke barrier. (1081)
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What does an automatic ventilating hatch do?
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For smaller buildings or larger one-story buildings, these hatches open when smoke or fire triggers their control devices, giving firefighters greater control over where the fire is and improving indoor conditions around the fire. (1083)
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What are the advantages to using water for fire suppression?
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"readily available and relatively low in cost."
turns to vapor which helps push away oxygen needed by the fire. cools, smothers, emulsifies and dilutes. (1084) |
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What are the disadvantages of using water for fire suppression?
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1. "damages most contents of buildings, including interior surfaces;
2. "conducts electricity readily as a stream (less readily as a spray); 3. "many flammable oils float on the water's surface while continuing to burn; 4. "as water vaporizes rapidly as steam, it can harm fire fighters." (1084) |
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What are the four classes of standpipe systems?
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"Class I systems are for full-scale fire fighting...
"Class II systems are for first-aid fire fighting before the fire trucks arrive. "Class III systems combine the characteristics of Classes I and II...serving both for first-aid and for full-scale fire fighting." "Combined systems are either Class I or III standpipe systems that also supply water to a sprinkler system." (1087) |
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Which standpipe system is the system of choice and why?
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Class I is the system of choice because of declining use of the other systems. Untrained people would be better off evacuating the building rather than damaging the interior with uncontrolled hoses. (1086)
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What are the standpipe system types?
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1. Automatic-wet systems.
2. Automatic-dry systems. 3. Semautomatic-dry systems. 4. Manual-dry systems. 5. Manual-wet systems. (1087) |
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Which standpipe systems have immediate water flow when a hose valve is opened?
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Automatic-wet (supply capable of meeting fire fighting demands)
Manual-wet (only filled with domestic water for testing) (1087) |
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Which standpipe systems are connected to water supply capable of automatically meeting fire fighting demands?
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Automatic-wet
Automatic-dry Semiautomatic-dry (1087) |
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Which standpipe systems are filled with air when not fighting fires?
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Automatic-dry (pressurized air)
Semiautomatic-dry Manual-dry (1087) |
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Which standpipe system has no connection to a water supply system other than provided by the fire department?
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Manual-dry
(1087) |
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Which standpipe system relies on a remote sensing device at the hose station to open the water flow?
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Semiautomatic-dry
(1087) |
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Which standpipe system has a connection to the domestic water supply, but only for filling and testing?
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Manual-wet
(1087) |
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What factors are involved in designing a standpipe system?
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"Minimum flow rates, minimum pressure and maximum pressure..." (1088)
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What are the two methods of sizing for standpipe systems?
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pipe schedule
hydraulic method (1088) |
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What is the purpose of an alarm gong?
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"warns of water flow through the alarm valve on the actuating of a sprinkler head" so that steps can be taken to suppress the fire and turn off the sprinklers to prevent excess water damage to the building. (1089)
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What is a siamese connection used for?
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"permit fire engines to pump into the sprinkler system in a manner similar to that used for standpipe systems." (1089)
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What is the preferred method to drain water from the interior of a building after a fire has been suppressed?
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"...scuppers in exterior walls are preferable to floor drains which are more easily clogged with debris." (1089)
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In tall buildings, how can sprinklers be supplied with water?
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elevated tanks for domestic water.
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What are the advantages to using elevated storage tanks to supply sprinklers?
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1. "constant pressure on the distribution line,
2. "store sufficient water to balance supply and demand, 3. "prevent excessive starting and stopping of the pump, 4. "provide a dependable fire reserve." (1089) |
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When gravity tanks are used, how much water should they provide for the sprinklers?
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"enough water to operate 25% of the sprinkler heads for 20 minutes." (1089)
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What are the principal objections to the use of elevated sprinkler storage tanks?
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1. "unsightliness
2. "the problem of freezing 3. "in the case of large buildings - the tanks' tremendous weight, with added structural costs." (1089) |
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What is the use of valves in a sprinkler system?
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"allow sprinkler system to be shut off for
maintenance, system modification, or replacement of all sprinkler heads that have operated after a fire." (1090) |
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What are common types of sprinkler heads?
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upright (SSU)
pendant (SSP) sidewall types (1090) |
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What are the variations of pendant head sprinklers?
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recessed
flush concealed ornamental (1091) |
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What are the 5 code exceptions that otherwise require sprinklers in residential areas?
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"bathrooms no larger than 55 sf;
closets with one dimension not exceeding 3 ft.; open porches, garages, and carports; uninhabited attics and crawl spaces (if not used for storage); entrance foyers that are not the sole means of egress." (1099) |
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In what type of buildings is it important to have quick-response (aka fast-response) sprinklers?
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"These include
hotels motels offices, and other buildings where faster sprinkler operation could enhance life safety." (1099) |
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What is RTI?
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Response Time Index:
"indicates how fast the sprinkler can absorb heat from its surroundings sufficient to cause activation. expressed as the square root of meters-seconds." (1099) |
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What is RTI?
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Response Time Index:
"indicates how fast the sprinkler can absorb heat from its surroundings sufficient to cause activation." (1099) |
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What is the RTI for a standard-response sprinkler? Of a fast-response sprinkler?
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standard-response sprinkler RTI = 50 or less
fast-response sprinkler RTI = 80 or more (1099) |
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What are Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers?
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used for:
high-challenge fire hazards encountered in high-pile storage. ...operate at higher pressure (min 50 psi) and flow (min 100 gpm) "water droplets depend on momentum rather than gravity to penetrate to the bottom of high-velocity fire plumes." "have largely replaced large-drop sprinklers." (1099) |
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What type of construction can have Extended Coverage Sprinklers?
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"unobstructed construction consisting of flat, smooth ceilings of a slope not exceeding 2 in. per foot"
"can also be listed for non-combustible obstructed" construction... or where specifically listed for flat, smooth ceilings of a slope not exceeding 4 in. per foot." (1099) |
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What is a circulating closed loop system?
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A wet-pipe system that uses "the rather large sprinkler piping to circulate water for water source heat pumps. Water is not removed from the system, merely circulated." (1100)
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What is the required temperature range of a circulating closed-loop system?
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40 to 120 degrees F (1100)
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Where are dry-pipe system sprinklers used and why?
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"unheated areas including loading docks and cold-storage areas."
pipes are filled with compressed air until sprinkler head opens - then water from temperature contolled area enters system. (1101) |
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How does a Preaction sprinkler system work?
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"pipes are filled with air that may or may not be under pressure...water is held back by the preaction valve.
When heat or smoke detectors are activated, they open the preaction valve, an alarm is sounded, and the water fills the pipes. It then functions like a wet-pipe system, with further water flow only on the opening of a sprinkler head." |
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What areas should use a pre-action system?
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"where building contents are especially subject to water damage -
computer rooms, retail stores, museums (1102) |
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How does a deluge system work?
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"open sprinklers on dry pipes...
separate heat or smoke detection system installed which control a deluge valve... once opened, floods the system with water and ALL heads emit water." (1102) |
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Where are deluge systems used?
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aircraft hangars
anywhere risking flammable liquid fires (1102) |
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What are the advantages of a mist system over a sprinkler system?
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"faster initiation of an alarm...
more rapid response to a fire... less water damage... mist can move more easily around obstructions." (1103) |
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What are the advantages of a mist system to halon or other clean agent gases?
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"not a life-safety threat to fire-fighters,
are more tolerant of small amounts of ventilation, reduce radiant heat transfer from the fire, eliminate residues associated with many clean-agent gases. eliminate the expense of refilling system with expensive clean-agent gases allow a faster return to service after discharge." (1103) |
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What are the three types of mist systems and relative droplet sizes?
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Class I - smaller or equal to 200 microns
Class II - 200 to 400 microns Class III - 400 to 1000 microns (1104) |
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What are the fire-extinguishing mechanisms of mists?
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"heat extraction (through rapid evaporation of the finely divided water droplets) and
oxygen displacement... the blocking of radiant heat." (1105) |
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Where are the different mist systems used?
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Class I - "...most suitable where enclosure reduces the need for spray momentum and fuel wetting is not critical (examples are liquid fuel fires and spray fires in enclosed spaces).
Class II - ...higher mass flow rates... considerable surface wetting possible... effective on fires involving ordinary combustibles Class III - can be generated by small-orifice sprinklers and fire hose fog nozzles... deliver(s) the highest mass flow rates." (1105) |
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What are the different classes of portable fire extinguishers?
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Class 1A to 40A
Class 5B to 40B Class C Class ABC Class D (1111) |
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What is a Class A fire?
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"ordinary combustibles such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics..." (1110)
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What is a Class B fire?
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"fires with flammable or combustible liquids, flammable gases, grease, and similar materials..." (1110)
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What is a Class C fire?
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"fires in live electrical equipment." (1110)
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What is a Class D fire?
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"combustible metals" (1111)
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What factors should be considered when deciding whether or not to protect a structure against lightning?
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"1. Frequency and severity of thunderstorms.
2. Value and nature of building contents. 3. Hazard to building occupants. 4. Building exposure... 5. Indirect effects... |
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What is the basic principle in lightning protection?
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"to provide a continuous metallic path to solid (low-resistance) ground for the lightning stroke..." (1112)
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What are the essential components of a lightning protection system?
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1. one or more air terminals
2. ground terminals terminating in highly conductive soil... 3. down conductors connecting air and ground terminals. (1112) |
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How does a Franklin cone work?
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"...a mast with a conductor running straight to ground" forming a "cone of protection" which protects objects within it by "absorbing the lightning stroke at the mast and grounding it harmlessly." (1112)
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What is an overhead ground wire and where is it commonly used?
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"A continuous air terminal... most commonly used to protect overhead transmission lines." (1113)
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What is the recommended minimum projection height of an air terminal above any structure in the protected zone?
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at least 6 feet, "and more height is better" (1113)
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What is a Faraday cage?
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"an open interconnected mesh covering a large nondonducting mass (a building) to draw a lightning stroke an conduct it to Earth." (1113)
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What is the most common method used to protect buildings against lightning strikes?
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Faraday cage (1113)
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What are COUNTERPOISE CONDUCTORS?
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"ground conductors also installed to connect the earth terminals." (1114)
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What structural components may be used as lightning conductors?
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1. metal roof and siding 3/16" min.
2. WELDED steel reinforcing in concrete 3. columns in steel structure buildings. ALL STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS USED THUS MUST BE BONDED SECURELY TO AIR TERMINALS AND GROUND TERMINALS AND FORM A CONTINUOUS PATH. (1114) |
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What does a lightning arrester do and where is it used?
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"A special type of surge arrester" running from an electrical line to ground, for the purpose of suppressing a lightning surge in the power line... operates only when it senses a surge which it then takes to ground. (1114)
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What are the purposes of a fire alarm system?
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"primarily to protect life and
secondarily to prevent property loss." (1115) |
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What are the main fire alarm design considerations?
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"system must be tailored to the needs of the specific facility...
"The fire alarm is part of the overall fire PROTECTION system design of the building. "...overlaps with the design of safe egress smoke/fire control fan control smoke venting smoke door closers rolling shutters elevator captured, etc. "...designed in accordance with the overall fire protection plan." (1116) |
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What are the three basic parts of a fire alarm system?
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"signal initiation,
signal processing, and alarm indication" (1116) |
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Define:
Addressable analog (smoke) detector (aka intelligent detector) |
a smoke detector that "continuously measures the concentration of smoke or other products of combusion in its test chamber... continuously transmits an analog (voltage or current) signal to its (intelligent) control panel that is proportional to its measurement.
It does not transmit an alarm signal." (1118) |
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Define:
Addressable detector |
"A smoke or fire detector that communicates an alarm condition along with an individual identification (address)..." (1118)
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Define:
Air sampling detector |
"A system consisting of aspiration equipment and piping that draws air from the protected area to the detector, where analysis of the sample air occurs." (1118)
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Define:
Alarm signal |
"An audible and/or visual signal indicating a fire emergency, generally requiring immediate building evacuation." (1118)
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Define:
Alarm verification |
"A technique for reducing false alarms..." (1118)
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Define:
Automatic system |
"A system in which an alarm-initiating device operates automatically to transmit or sound an alarm signal." (1118)
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Define:
Breakglass |
"A false-alarm deterrent installed in manual fire alarm stations: a glass rod is placed across the pull-lever that breaks easily when the lever is pulled." (1118)
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Define:
coded alarm signal |
"An alarm signal that indicates the location of the fire alarm station operated by the pattern (code) of the audible signal." (1118)
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Define:
Coded system |
"One in which not less than three rounds of coded alarm signals are sounded, after which the system may either be silenced or set to sound a continuous alarm." (1118)
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Define:
Control unit (fire alarm panel) |
"The controls, microprocessors, relays, switches, and associated circuits necessary to
(1) furnish power to afire alarm system, (2) receive and process signals from alarm initiating devices and transmit them to indicating devices and accessory equipment, and (3) electrically supervise the system's circuitry." (1118) |
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Define:
Drift compensation |
"Adjustment function that compensates for detector sensitivity changes due to aging and environmental conditions." (1118)
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Define:
Intelligent control panel |
"A control center that receives analog signals from detectors...determines whether an alarm situation exists..." (1118)
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Define:
Listed, listing |
"Inclusion of a device in a list published by a recognized testing organization, such as UL, indicating that the device meets the requirements of the referenced standard." (1118)
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Define:
Manual system |
"... the alarm-initiating device is operated manually to transmit or sound an alarm signal." (1118)
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Define:
Miultiplex system |
"An arrangement whereby a single pair of wires can carry more than one message (signal) at a time in either or both directions." (1118)
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Define:
Private mode |
"An alarm system installed in a location that has personnel specifically trained to act on receipt of an alarm signal." (1118)
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Define:
Public mode |
An alarm system that alerts all of the protected spaces and occupants audibly and/or visually." (1118)
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Define:
Rate-of-rise detector |
"A temperature detector that alarms when the rate of temperature rise exceeds a specific design level, usually 15 degrees F/minute." (1119)
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Define:
Station, fire alarm. |
"A manually operated alarm-initiating device." (1119)
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Define:
Supervised system |
"A system in which a break or ground in the wiring that prevents the transmission of an alarm signal actuates a trouble signal." (1119)
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Define:
Trouble signal |
"A signal indicating trouble of any nature, such as a circuit break or ground, occurring in the device or circuitry associated with a fire alarm system." (1119)
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NFPA
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National Fire Protection Association (1116)
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ANSI
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American National Standards Institute
"does not develop standards; it accepts for review standards that are prepared by professional and technical societies and associations..." (1117) |
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NEC
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National Electric Code
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CABO/ANSI 117.1
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Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities
"This standard specifies requirements to make buildings completely accessible to and usable by people with physical disabilities of all sorts." (1117) |
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SBCCI aka ABC
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Standard Building Code
published by Southern Building Code Congress "This code, generally used in the southern and southeastern areas of the United States..." (1117) |
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BOCA
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Building Officials and Code Administrators
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UBC
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Uniform Building Code
"used generally in the western and southwestern areas of the United States |
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NFPA 101: Life Safety Code
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"specifies the means of egress, the type of fire alarm system, and type and location of fire and smoke detection equipment for all types of occupancies." (1116)
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HUD
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Housing and Urban Development
"covers requirements for residential buildings and care-type facilities." includes FHA minimum standards. (1117) |
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UL
|
Underwriters Laboratory
"UL laboratories test equipment for inherent safety and for performance according to the manufacturer's specification. A product is "listed" if the equipment passes UL safety and performance tests." (1117) |
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What are several different ways to classify fire alarm systems?
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location
application connections coding degree of automation of the detection system (1119) |
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How does NFPA 71 classify alarm systems?
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"essentially location and function:
Household warning systems Protected premises systems Off-premises systems (connections between local alarms and off-premises equipment and systems... includes auxiliary, remote station, proprietary, central station, and municipal fire alarm systems." (1119) |
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What are the 6 main types of fire alarm systems?
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a) household fire warning systems - residential
b) protected premises fire alarm system - alarm only in protected premises - private facilities c) auxiliary fire alarm system - direct connection to municipal fire alarm box - public buildings d) remote-station protective signaling system - transmitted via telephone line to remote location - stores, offices, etc. unoccupied for considerable periods. e) proprietary fire alarm system - multi-building facilities f) central station fire alarm system - similar to (e) but equipment owned and operated by a service company.(1121) |
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Define:
Incipient stage What type of detector/s is used at this stage? |
" invisible particulate matter... no visible flame, smoke or appreciable heat."
Ionization or gas detector (1126) |
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Define:
Smoldering stage What type of detector/s is used at this stage? |
"Large particles now visible as smoke. Flame or appreciable heat still not present."
Photoelectric or photoelectronic detector (1126) |
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Define:
Flame stage What type of detector/s is used at this stage? |
"Actual fire now exists. Appreciable heat still not present, but that follows almost instantaneously."
Flame detector (1126) |
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Define:
Heat stage What type of detector/s is used at this stage? |
"Uncontrolled heat and rapidly expanding fire."
Heat detector (1126) |
