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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some waterless alternatives to flushing toilets?
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chemicals or oil substituted for water.
waste treated by freezing, burning or packaging. (981) |
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What are 3 types of composting toilets?
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1. Composting toilets
2. Vault type composting toilets (eg. Clivus Multrum) 3. Heater type composting toilets (983) |
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How does a waterless urinal work?
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"...utilize a floating layer of BLUESEAL liquid that forms a barrier to sewer vapors but allows urine to readily pass through...This liquid does not dissolve, mix, or react chemically with urine. It is 95% biodegradable and does not evaporate at 100 degrees F." (987)
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How much water could be saved by using a waterless urinal?
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"Because 1 quart of this liquid lasts for 15,000 to 20,000 urinal uses, it replaces an estimated 15,000 to 60,000 gal of water that would have been used by conventional flush urinals." (987)
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What is the function of a fixture trap?
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"The only separation between the unpleasant and unhealthy gases in sanitary drainage pipes and the air breathed by room occupants is the water caught in the fixture trap." (987)
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What is a self-cleaning trap?
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"All traps should be self-cleaning, that is, capable of being completely flushed each time the trap operates so that no sediment will remain inside to decompose." (987)
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What are the functions of vents in a DWV system?
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"...ventilate the system by allowing air from the fresh-air inlet to rise through the system and carry away offensive gases.
"...breaks the possible siphonage of water out of the trap. (989) |
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Why is it important to have an air gap (or vacuum breaker) between incoming potable water and waste water?
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"The proximity of sewage to potable water at typical fixtures is inescapable; sewage could accidentally be siphoned into a pipe carrying potable water." (990)
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What 7 materials are used for underground waste piping?
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vitrified clay
cast iron copper asbestos cement ABS plastic PVC type DWV concrete pipe (991) |
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What 4 materials are used within a building for soil and waste piping?
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cast iron
copper ABS plastic PVC type DWV pipe |
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What 8 materials are used for aboveground DWV?
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ABS plastic
brass cast iron copper galvanized steel glass polyolefin PVC type DWV (991) |
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Why must special precautions be taken with floor drains?
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"Because these drains are often connected to sanitary drainage systems (rather than dry wells) and, in long periods of disuse, might lose their trap seals by evaporation..." (994)
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What is a backwater valve and what is it used for?
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A backwater valve allows one-way flow only and are used "when plumbing fixtures are installed at low elevations, such as basements..." (994)
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When and how are sewage sumps and ejectors used?
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"Whenever subsoil drainage, fixtures, or other equipment are situated below the level of public sewers..."
Into this pit the drainage from the low fixtures may flow by gravity, and from it the contents are then lifted up into the building sewer." (996) |
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What is an interceptor?
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Interceptors "catch foreign matter before it travels too far into the system." (997)
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What substances should be intercepted before reaching the drainage system?
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"hair, grease, plaster, lubricating oil, glass grindings or troublesome unwanted material from many industrial processes." (997)
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What is the difference between a stack vent and a vent stack?
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"the upper part of the soil stack forms a vent called a stack vent, to which the branch vents connect.
A separate major vertical vent is called a vent stack." (999) |
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What is the criteria for sizing horizontal fixture branches from INDIVIDUAL fixtures?
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"Horizontal fixture branches from INDUVIDUAL fixtures should be the same size as the fixture trap." (999)
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What is the criteria for sizing horizontal fixture branches from GROUPS of fixtures?
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"Horizontal fixture branches from GROUPS of fixtures are sized by the drainage fixture units (dfu) of the group." (999)
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What is the criteria for sizing individual fixture vents?
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"For individual fixture vents, the vent size is usally the same as the size of the fixture's horizontal branch. Under many codes...must increase to 4-in. to prevent blocking by icing in freezing weather." (999)
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What is the first step in designing a sanitary drainage system?
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"The first step is to identify the locations where hot and cold water is needed at fixtures and where soil or waste drains must be provided." (1001)
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What is the second step in designing a sanitary drainage system?
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Sizes of all piping are determined from calculation of drainage fixture units. (1001)
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In a bathroom, what are the two maintenance questions of greatest concern?
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1. how easy it is to clean around the fixture.
2. how accessible are the fixture parts that need repair or replacement. (1004) |
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What is a "wet" column?
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At one of the supporting columns in a building, far from the central core, "wet" columns with a full complement of plumbing pipes for remote fixtures. (1005)
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For drainage, what is the relationship between vertical clearance and horizontal distance from the core?
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"The greater the horizontal distance from the core, the more vertical clearance will be needed to allow the drain to slope." (1005)
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What is the first step in designing a sanitary drainage system?
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"The first step is to identify the locations where hot and cold water is needed at fixtures and where soil or waste drains must be provided." (1001)
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What is the second step in designing a sanitary drainage system?
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Sizes of all piping are determined from calculation of drainage fixture units. (1001)
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In a bathroom, what are the two maintenance questions of greatest concern?
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1. how easy it is to clean around the fixture.
2. how accessible are the fixture parts that need repair or replacement. (1004) |
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What is a "wet" column?
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At one of the supporting columns in a building, far from the central core, "wet" columns with a full complement of plumbing pipes for remote fixtures. (1005)
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For drainage, what is the relationship between vertical clearance and horizontal distance from the core?
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"The greater the horizontal distance from the core, the more vertical clearance will be needed to allow the drain to slope." (1005)
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What is plumbing rough-in?
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"the process of geting all pipes installed, capped, and pressure-tested before the fixtures are installed." (1005)
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What is the Sovent System?
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The Sovent system aerates the effluent, reducing its pressure to less than the holding power of the water in the traps, thus siphoning is prevented and no vents are needed which can eliminate about 60% of the piping found in a traditionally vented system. (1010)
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What are the basic steps in the Sovent System?
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1. aeration of effluent produces foam.
2. diversion at each story and further aeration produces rarefied mix of air and effluent. 3. deaerated at foot of stack. (1010) |
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What is the primary treatment of sewage that takes place in a septic tank?
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Settling of solids, anaerobic digestion. (1011)
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What are four common filtration systems used for secondary treatment of effluent?
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seepage pits
drain fields mounds sand filters (1011) |
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What is the relationship between water conservation and septic tanks?
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"The longer the water stays in the septic tank, the less polluted the effluent... the less the flow, the longer the water remains in the tank." (1011)
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What 18 domestic wastes disrupt the anaerobic process within a septic tank?
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"paints, varnishes, thinners, waste oil, photographic solutions, pesticides.
coffee grounds, dental floss, disposable diapers, kitty litter, sanitary napkins, tampons, cigarette butts, condoms, gauze bandages, fat, grease, paper towels." (1011) |
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What materials are septic tanks constructed from?
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"commonly constructed of precast concrete;
steel, fiberglass, and polyethylene tanks are also available." (1011) |
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What is septic tank size based on?
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"commonly based on code requirements that consider
the number of bedrooms in residences or the number of waste fixture units served. Sewage flow rates are also considered." (1011) |
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of having an oversize septic tank?
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"Oversized septic tanks are more expensive to install, but they release cleaner effluent and prolong the life of the secondary treatment system." (1011)
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How are secondary treatment systems sized?
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"usually based on
the size of the septic tank it serves or on the expected total flow over a 24-hour period." (1011) |
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How purified is the effluent when it leaves the septic tank for secondary treatment?
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70%
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What are the advantages/disadvantages of an aerobic treatment unit?
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requre more energy and maintenance than anaerobic tanks.
"cleaner effluent than that of a passive anaerobic tank." use aerobic digestion which is faster than anaerobic so the tank can be smaller. (1014) |
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What are the requirements for a cesspool (seepage pit)?
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"appropriate only in very porous soil
commonly 10 to 15 ft below the earth's surface water table at least 2 ft below the bottom of the pit." (1015) |
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What is another common use of precast seepage pits?
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dry wells that receive rainwater runoff from paved areas (1015)
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How are seepage pits sized?
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"by the square footage of the wall area exposed to the earth - the leaching area" (1015)
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of disposal fields?
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"relatively inexpensive"
don't require as deep a water table or soil as permeable as a seepage pit. cannot pave over drain field "demands considerable space" (1017) |
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How are disposal fields sized?
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"sized in relation to total sewage flow and septic tank size" (1016)
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of mounds with leaching beds?
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"the absorption area...must be 50% greater than that required for trenches."
"The bottom of the leaching bed must be at least 5 ft above the water table." "disposal option where the water table is high" "newer solution...may require special appoval." (1018) |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of buried sand filters?
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"one remedy for failed disposal fields.
...used where high groundwater, shallow bedrock, or poor soil preclude use of the more simple disposal field. ...require considerable site area... ground surface can be used for lawns or other non-paved surface activities. last for up to 20 years without maintenance. ...vented to the surface...a potential source of odors. Water from sand filters has been cleansed of many pathogens, such as harmful bacteria and viruses" (1019) |
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For multiple building on-site sewage treatment, what is the first approach?
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"septic tanks at each building for primary treatment" (1020)
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What types of lagoons are used in sewage treatment?
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anaerobic lagoons
aerobic lagoons aerated lagoons facultative lagoons (also called stablilization, oxidation, photosynthetic, or aerobic-anaerobic ponds) (1021) |
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How do lagoons work?
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The top layer having access to sunlight and oxygen use aerobic bacteria to clean the water. Anaerobic bacteria work on the bottom layers of effluent.
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What are the 6 "grades" of water in a building?
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1. Potable (drinkable)
2. Rainwater 3. Greywater (wastewater not from toilets or urinals) 4. Blackwater (containing toilet or urinial waste) 5. Dark Greywater (from washing machines with dirty diaper loads, kitchen sinks, dishwashers - usually prohibited for reuse) 6. clearwater - backwash from reverse osmosis filters, condensation from cooling coils) (1036) |
