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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
1) What provides the data from measurements?
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- Assessments (tests)
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2) What is the act of quantifying variables such as cognition, pain, etc?
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- Measurements
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4) To quantify a variable, what do you have to generate?
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- A number
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5) Measurements are what kind of data?
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- Numerical
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6) If you are doing a test on knee function, are you measuring ROM, strength, gait, etc.?
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- No, you are measuring degree of difference, feet walked per minute, scores, lbs per square feet, etc.
- You are simply collecting data |
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2) What is the act of quantifying variables such as cognition, pain, etc?
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- Measurements
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8) What is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with an intent of improving it?
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- Critical thinking
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9) Is critical thinking directed by others?
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- No, it is self directed
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5) Measurements are what kind of data?
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- Numerical
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10) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, & interpret the world in terms of yourself?
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- Egocentrism
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6) If you are doing a test on knee function, are you measuring ROM, strength, gait, etc.?
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- No, you are measuring degree of difference, feet walked per minute, scores, lbs per square feet, etc.
- You are simply collecting data |
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11) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, and interpret the word in terms of your society, culture, or profession? For example, seeing health care through the perspective of a physical therapist.
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- Sociocentrism
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8) What is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with an intent of improving it?
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- Critical thinking
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12) “It’s true because I’ve always believed it” is an example of what kind of thinking?
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- Innate self validation
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9) Is critical thinking directed by others?
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- No, it is self directed
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11) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, and interpret the word in terms of your society, culture, or profession? For example, seeing health care through the perspective of a physical therapist.
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- Sociocentrism
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12) “It’s true because I’ve always believed it” is an example of what kind of thinking?
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- Innate self validation
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13) “It’s true because we believe it” is an example of?
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- Innate sociocentrism
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15) Six steps of scientific method?
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1. Empirical data is generated
- 2. Hypothesis generation - 3. Experiment conduction and data generated - 4.Analyze statistics - 5. Accept or reject statistics. - 6. Theories can be generated |
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16) What kind of data should be taken in the first step of the scientific method?
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- Empirical data, which needs to be objective
- Must not have any interpretations |
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17) What kind of hypothesis says that no difference exists between explanations?
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- Null hypothesis
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18) What kind of hypothesis says that there is a difference between explanations?
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- Alternate hypothesis
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19) What part of the scientific method are treatments?
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- experiments
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20) What kind of reasoning is specific to general?
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- Inductive
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21) What kind of reasoning is from general to specific?
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- Deductive reasoning
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22) What type of reasoning is more common in science?
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- deductive
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23) What kind of reasoning comes from a general idea, principle, or thought and arrives at something specific?
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- Deductive
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24) What type of reasoning comes from individual cases or specific facts and arriving at a general conclusion?
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- Inductive reasoning
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25) How would you define scientific models?
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- A series of steps or events which explain a process
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29) Which of the two models shows development as: Disease->impairment->disability->handicap?
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International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
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26) What are to big problems with models?
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- Outdated as soon as they are made because variables can change
- People try to fit all thought process into models they’ve been trained to use, which doesn’t always work |
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29) Which of the two models shows development as: Disease->impairment->disability->handicap?
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International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
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28) Which of these two models shows development as : Active pathology->impairment->functional limitations ->disability
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- Nagi
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30) If you mess with active pathology in the nagi model, what would you have?
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- Impairment
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33) What are the seven types of research you will see as a clinician?
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- Quantitative and qualitative research
- Basic/pure/bench research - Clinical research - Applied research - Methodological research - Descriptive research - Epidemiological research |
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31) What is defined by: An objective, systemic investigation?
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- Research
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32) What is the research paradigm?
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- Descriptive data you can not infer into the future
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4) What type of research is considered higher quality because results can be generalized, quantitative or qualitative?
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- Quantitative
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5) Which of the previous two describes the population/sample being tested?
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- Qualitative
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6) This is a quantitative type of research that deals with establishing new knowledge in the development or refinement of a theory?
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- Basic/pure/bench
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7) This type of research involves human subjects receiving different treatments to solve clinical problems? Can be clinical trials of new programs, products, drugs, techniques?
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- Clinical research
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8) This type of quantitative research is designed to answer practical problems? For examples, development of MRI machines.
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- Applied Research
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9) This type of research is for developing or designed new changes between variables? It also measures difference between tests
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- Methodological research
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10) This type of qualitative research systematically describes a condition, observation, or area of interest?
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- Descriptive research
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11) What is an example of descriptive research?
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- A questionnaire
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12) This type of (usually) qualitative research studies the incidence, distribution, cause of disease, impairment?
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- Epidemiological research
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13) If you describe two types of disease, is it Qualitative or quantitative?
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- Qualitative
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14) If you describe incidence of these two diseases, is it qualitative or quantitative?
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- Quantitative
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_____________ _________________ determines how you set up the expirment, research to evaluate null hypothesis, and decide what to measure.
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- Research methodology
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4) What are the three important concepts of research methodology?
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- Manipulation
- Control - Randomization |
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6) What are the two types of variables?
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- Independent and dependent
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7) What type of variable is manipulated and can be the intervention?
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- Independent variable
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8) Which type of variable is the outcome?
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- Dependent variable
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9) What two things do you change variables in connection with?
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- Subject or Condition
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10) If a drug that measured confusion was created, what would be the independent and dependent variables?
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-Independent: Drug given or not
- Dependent: Confusion |
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11) This is the ability of a researcher to control or eliminate interfering and irrelevant influences?
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- Control
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12) Since you can’t control all variables, you can?
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- Add a control group, so there are two levels of control
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- Ex: Analgesic effect of experimental drug A on reducing inflammation for RA)
(i) Group I (20 patients) Drug A 1. A high response (ii) Group II (20 patients) Placebo 1. May see a response (placebo effect) (iii) Group III (They get no drug or placebo) 1. Expect no response 2. Sometimes can’t have a control, so you use the subjects as their own control |
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13) What is the process designed to reduce the risk of systematic bias from influencing the study?
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- Randomization
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14) Randomization ensures subjects are __________________ or the groups from which they are chosen and that the _____________________ and ____________________- groups are the same.
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- Representative; experimental and control
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15) What is the chance we are measuring and changing what we think we are changing and measuring?
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- Internal validity
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16) What is the chance that results found in subjects van be applied to groups outside of the group studied?
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- External validity
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17) What are the three categories that research protocols (methodologies) fall into?
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- True experimental design
- Quasi-experimental design - Non-experimental design |
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18) What is a feature of a true experimental design where researcher and subject don’t know if they are getting placebo or therapy?
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- Double blind
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19) True experimental designs have an outcome that is?
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- Measurable
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20) Quasi experimental designs must have _____________________, but don’t have to have what other two things?
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- Must have manipulations, but don’t have to have control or randomization
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22) Case studies are examples of what kind of methodological design?
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o QED
o QED EXAMPLE • Pre test, treatment, post test • BP taken, BP medicine given to subjects 4 wks • After 4 wks take BP again • Pre & post treatment |
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23) Which of the three methodological designs si good for correlation studies?
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- Non-experimental designs
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24) What type of design has no manipulation of independent variables, controls, or randomizations and basically describes characteristics and events connected with a sample population or invidual?
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- Non experimental
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26) What are the categories of a measurements based on purpose?
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- Fundamental measurements
- Derived measurements - Change measurements |
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27) What kind of measurements are obtained without needing to use a mathematical formula or derivation?
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- Fundamental measurements
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28) What kind of measurements are of a dependent variable and are obtained as a result of a mathematical operation applied to existing measurements? EX. L femur is 18 cm, R is 17cm, Difference is 1 cm.
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- Derived measurements
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29) What kind of measurements are based on the mathematical difference between two of the same kinds of measurements on the same subject? EX. Pre and post test
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- Change measurements
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30) What are the three purposes of measurements in clinical research?
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- 1. Evaluative purpose
- 2. Predictive purpose - 3. Discriminative purpose |
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31) Which measurement purpose type looks at the effects of intervention over time?
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- Evaluative
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32) Which measurement purpose type uses measusremnt to discriminate some function, variable, or activity among subjects? EX. Cognitive funct
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- Discriminative
- For example – cognitive fx among subjects – find a test to eval short term memory, generate information, thus discriminating the info about short term memory. |
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33) Which measurement purpose type uses measurements to say something about future events or conditions? EX. Prognosis
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- Predictive
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34) Which measurement purpose type is also referred to as outcome measures
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- Evaluative
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7) If using the berg balance test to determine the degree of balance impairment, it would be what kind of test?
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- Evaluative
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8) What four levels to assessments (measurements) occur at?
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- 1. Active pathology (Cellular) level
- 2.Activity or systems level (limitation level) - 3. Functional level (body ICF – Impairment) - 4. Disability and Handicap level (Participation) |
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9) Which of these levels would be considered for completion of a task?
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- Functional level
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10) Which of these levels would be considered for muscle enzyme test?
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- cellular
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11) Which of these levels would be considered for assessment that evaluates patients ability to run, walk, jump?
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- Impairment
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12) Which of these levels would be considered for what is not working during an activity? For example, can speak –but not well. Or can run, but lose stamina ..
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- Activity level
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13) Data that is composed of letters or characters, that can be expressed as characters is?
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- Qualitative (alphanumeric) data (not research!)
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14) What is a qualitative data also known as?
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- Character of Categorical data
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8) If quantitative numbers are zip codes, area codes, telephone numbers, they are called?
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- Nominal numbers
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9) What kind of statistics are used to describe qualitative data?
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- Descriptive (mean, mode, etc.)
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10) Quantitative data must be _________________ , or it won’t lend itself to valid statistical analysis.
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- Standardized
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11) Numbers generated by quantitative measurements reflect how much of a ______________ variable (attribute) is present or absent.
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- Dependent
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12) These type of variables can only be described as whole numbers?
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- Discrete or cardinal
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13) These type of variables can take on any value along a continuum within a definite range?
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- Continuous variables
- Ex. Gait speed – how fast do you walk – have to have a range- 60 seconds if they walk for a minute, record how far they walked. |
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14) . These type of variables don’t have decimals, can be used with qualitative data, and can be referred to as count data (add up all people in different categories)?
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- Discrete variables
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15) What are the four kinds of scales used to measure variables in order from least specific to most?
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- Nominal
- Ordinal - Interval - Ratio |
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16) Whether a person can stand or not is an example of what kind of variable?
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- Nominal
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17) With this type of scale, no group can be ranked above the other or ordered above another, it is useful for sorting items and establishing groups.
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- Nominal
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18) This type of scale is a ranking scale, implies greater or lesser degree, is nonparametric, and there is no equality of difference between categories?
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- Ordinal
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20) In this kind of scale, data is ranked in a logical sequence and the intervals between the sequence of numbers is considered equal and represent actual values (amounts).
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- Interval scale
- Data is measured on a continuum |
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21) Height measured in inches would be represented on what type of scale?
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- Interval
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22) Is there an absolute zero in the interval scale?
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- No -> or if there is it is arbitrary
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23) Is a ratio scale also on a continuum?
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- Yes
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24) What is the difference between an interval and ratio scale?
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- Ratio scale has an absolute zero
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25) Which three scales are used for quantitative data?
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- Ordinal, interval, ratio
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26) On what scale would a frozen shoulder with 0 movement on a goniometer be measured on?
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- Ratio scale
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27) What property says that we are measuring what we are supposed to be measuring?
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- validity
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28) Is validity an all or none property?
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- No, it is a spectrum
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29) Is a reliable assessment always valid?
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- No, it can be consistent in outcome but STILL not be measuring what you want to measure
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30) Validity and reliability are properties of the ________________________, not properties of the
___________________________. |
measurement; assessment
-for example, a test could measure strength in stroke pop; but when applied to CP pop it might not be valid. So it is a fx of the measurement, not the test |
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9) What kind of property indicates that statistics can be applied to other populations?
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- External validity
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10) This property indicates whether an independent variable is responsible for variation in the dependent variable
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- Internal validity
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11) If it is direct cause and effect, how will that affect internal validity?
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- It will be high
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12) What things might lower internal validity?
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- Multiple testing with subjects
- Incorrectly calibrated instruments - Subject selection and randomization |
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13) You need to have good ___________________ to have good internal validity.
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- Controls
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14) This type of validity is based on the knowledge & intellectual underpinning upon which the test and measurements are developed
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- Construct validity
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16) This type of validity is related to the extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content? This is a non-statistical validity.
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- Content validity
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18) Which type of validity is instrument validity?
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- Criterion based validity
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17) If you say you are measuring body strength, but only measure shoulder flexion – what kind of validity does this negatively influence?
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- Content validity
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19) If you are comparing measurements being examined with another measurement or series of measurements that have shown to be valid, what kind of validity would you be looking at?
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- Criterion based validity
- Important to determine whether an assessment can be put to practical use |
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20) What validity would be being assessed if one looked at how people who do well on a written MMT exam perform on a practical?
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- Criterion validity
- If the written had been shown to be valid, then should perform well on practical |
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21) What are the three types of criterion based validity?
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- concurrent
- predictive - prescriptive |
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22) Which of the three aforementioned types looks at when an inferred interpretation is justified by comparing measurement with supporting evidence that was taken at approximately the same time? (this question sucks)
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- Concurrent
- More precise than criterion bc of the time frame (?) - Basically measuring same thing a different way (i) Ex. Measuring sprain with anterior drawer, then also MRI |
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23) What kind of validity is concerned with using criterion to make true predictions?
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- Predictive validity
- Most screening tests have this - Can predict if something will go wrong if left untreated |
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24) What type of validity is concerned with using the inferred interpretation of criterion (measurement) from a test to prescribe a treatment?
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- Prescriptive validity
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25) What type of non-statistical validity is concerned with how a measure or assessment appears?
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- Face validity
- Basically asking yourself whether data seems reasonable |
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26) What kind of validity refers to the degree to which a measure is correlated with other measures that it is theoretically supposed correlate with?
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- Convergent validity
- Multiple tests measuring the same thing and put the same person through all the test and the end results should be very similar |
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27) What is the degree to which measurements of a test remain consistent over repeated tests over the same subjects under identical conditions
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- Reliability
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28) What is the statistical definition of reliability?
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- How error free and how repeatable measurements are
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29) If something is reliable, is it valid?
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- No
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10) What are the three types of reliability?
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- Inter-tester reliability
- Intra-tester(Rater) reliability - Test-retest reliability |
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11) Which type of reliability shows consistency of measurements when taken by more than one person?
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- Inter-rater
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12) Does interrater reliability measures the test or the testers?
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- Testers
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13) What reliability looks at how consistent one tester is over time?
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- Intra-rater
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14) What type of reliability looks a consistency of measurements over time?
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- Test-retest reliability
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15) Does test retest reliability measure assessment or testers?
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- Measures assessment
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16) What is extracting the max info about a set of data one can?
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- Statistics
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17) What is defined by “total number of individuals, measurements, or units from which data is collected?”
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- Population
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18) What is defined by “portion/subset of the population?”
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- Sample
- Can rarely use an entire population |
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20) What are the three levels of data analysis you can do with samples?
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- Descriptive analysis
- Correlative (or trend) analysis - Comparative analysis |
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21) What is the lowest level of data analysis?
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- Descriptive
- Can’t use to infer for population (qualitative) |
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22) This analaysis describes something with numbers (mean/mode of age, height, weight)
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- Descriptive
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23) This type of data analysis describes relationships of change between one variable and change in another variable?
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- Correlative analysis
- Use correlation coeffcieints - Middle of the three types of data analysis |
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24) What type of data analysis would be used to see if there is a link between change of strength and volume with a weight conditioning program?
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- Data analysis
- Dependent variable: muscle strength and volume of muscle mass - Independent variable: weight conditioning policy |
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25) Can correlative analysis extrapolate results to a population?
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- yes
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26) What is the highest level of data analysis?
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- Comparative analysis
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27) What does comparative analysis determine?
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- Whether 2 or more groups of data are different or not. Cause and effect
- Ex. Intervention for sore muscles - Do interventions after 1st visit and measurements, then re measure later to check progress |
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28) What are the two categories of tests used with samples?
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- Parametric and nonparametric tests
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29) Which type of tests are run with normally distributed data (bell shaped curve)?
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- Parametric statistics
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30) Which type of tests are run when measurements are not normally distributed?
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- Non parametric
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31) Which type of test is used when mode and median are around the mean?
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- Parametric stats
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33) Chi square tests are parametric or nonparametric?
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- Parametric
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32) Which type of test is used when samples are small? Data is often nominal or ordinal
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- Nonparametric test
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35) When looking at mean HR of all men in room during an exam, this would be inferential or descriptive stat?
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- Descriptive
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36) If comparing mean HR of men and women, is it inferential or descriptive?
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- Inferential
- Can be extrapolated to other parts of the pop |
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37) Which type of statistics describe, organize, and summarize data?
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- Descriptive
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39) What are some things that make up descriptive stats? (I THINK)
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- Percentages, frequency, percentiles, prevalence, incidence
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38) What is more valid, inferential or descriptive stats?
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- Inferential bc they can be compared
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41) The total number of cases in the pop or sample at a given time is? Usually a %
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- Prevalence
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40) What is defined by the a specified percent of the data falls below or under a value?
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- Percentile
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42) What is used to estimate how common a condition is within a population a certain period in time?
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- Prevalence
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45) Which of the three previously mentioned is the value that occurs most frequently?
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- Mode
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46) What are the three descriptors of relative position?
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- Range
- Standard deviation - Standard error of the mean |
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43) The measurement of the # of new people who develop a disease or condition during a particular period of time? Usually a %
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- Incidence
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47) Which of the previous is the interval between min and max values?
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- Range
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44) What are the three descriptions of central tendency?
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- Mean, median, mode
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12) This is the measure of the variability of a pop, sample, or prob distribution?
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- Standard deviation
- Want to be low (closer to mean) - Use same measurements of units |
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13) What quantifies the certainty with which the mean computed from a random sample estimates the true mean of the pop from which the sample was drawn?
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- Standard error of the mean
- -measures variability just like SD |
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46) What are the three descriptors of relative position?
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- Range
- Standard deviation - Standard error of the mean |
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14) What is more accurate, SEM or SD?
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- SEM – good to have, shows author took extra step
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47) Which of the previous is the interval between min and max values?
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- Range
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12) This is the measure of the variability of a pop, sample, or prob distribution?
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- Standard deviation
- Want to be low (closer to mean) - Use same measurements of units |
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15) These types of test use data from samples to make inferences about the whole pop?
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- Inferential stats
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13) What quantifies the certainty with which the mean computed from a random sample estimates the true mean of the pop from which the sample was drawn?
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- Standard error of the mean
- -measures variability just like SD |
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14) What is more accurate, SEM or SD?
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- SEM – good to have, shows author took extra step
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15) These types of test use data from samples to make inferences about the whole pop?
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- Inferential stats
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16) What kind of data must you use when doing a student t-test?
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- Parametric data
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18) Which of those tests whether the mean from a normal pop differs from a hypothesized value?
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- Unpaired t-test
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19) Which do you use with independent sample t-test and one sample t-test?
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- Unpaired t-test
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22) When do you often use ANOVA?
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- When you have three or more independent variables and only one dependent variable
- For example, if you are having a TKA and have three intervention options |
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20) Which t-test is used to test whether the means of two groups are different or are related when the samples were drawn in pairs?
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- Paired t-tests
- Ex. Eval new intervention on TKA - Take ROM mean one week, take again the second - Compare post and pre data |
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23) If two independent variables, what would you use?
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- Paired t-test
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21) This is an extensive class of related stat models (tests) and procedures, in which ht eobserved variance (SD and SEM) is separated into categories due to different independent variables
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- ANOVA (analysis of variance)
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24) What is also known as indices of association?
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- Correlation coefficients
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22) When do you often use ANOVA?
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- When you have three or more independent variables and only one dependent variable
- For example, if you are having a TKA and have three intervention options |
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23) If two independent variables, what would you use?
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- Paired t-test
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25) This is an index of the amount of association between two variables or the amount which the order of individuals on 1 variable is similar to the order of individuals on a second variable?
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- Correlation coefficients
- Confusing question! |
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27) Do strong correlations of data prove cause and effect?
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- No
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28) What are five types of correlation coefficients?
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- Pearsons, interclass (ICC), spearman rank, cronabach’s alpha, cohen’s kappa coefficient
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29) Which CC quantifies the strength of association between two normally distributed variables? It usually shown as R in papers and used a lot with true experimental design.
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- Pearsons
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30) What CC demonstrates the consistency or conformity of measurements taken by multiple raters ? Can tell if all raters are doing it the same way.
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- Interclass Correlation Coefficient
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32) What CC is often used to measure the internal consistency and reliably of a measurement?
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- Cronbach’s alpha
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33) What CC measures inter-rater agreement for qualitative (categorical) items?
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- Cohens Kappa
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34) Can you use cohen’s for quantitative data?
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NO
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35) Can you apply cohens to multiple raters?
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NO
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37) # of sick subjects who were found to have disease?
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- True positives
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38) # of healthy subjects correctly identified as not having disease?
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- True negative
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39) # of healthy subjects incorrectly identified as having disease?
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- False positives
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40) # of sick subjects incorrectly identified as not having disease
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- False negatives
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41) This is the percentage of actual positives that are correctly identified as positive?
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- Sensitivity (same as true positive)
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42) What would 100 percent sensitivity indicate?
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- Correctly identified all people who had problem
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43) What is formula for sensitivity?
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- No. of true positives/ no of true positives false+ negs
- Example 100/100+0 =100 - 95/95+5 = 95 percent - (think of as all the people identified as positive over everyone who is actually positive |
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44) How do you calculate specificity?
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- No of true negatives/no of true negatives+no of false positives
- EX. 100/100+0 = 100% - 95/95+5 = 95 percent |
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45) Specificity is the same as a?
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- True negative
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46) This indicates the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified as negative?
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- Specificity
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47) What does 100 percent specificity mean?
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- You correctly identified everyone who did not have disease
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11) NQ: Both parametric and nonparametric data can involved descriptive and inferential stat tests
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:)
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NQ
12) How do you calculate incidence? 13) How do you calculate prevalence? |
:)
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1) NQ
- What you want to evaluate -> assessments (tests) -> measurements (data) ->statistical analysis -> evaluate and decide what to do |
:)
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2) NQ
- The measurements (data) are then analyzed to make decisions about the initial variable (such as ROM, strength, gait). |
:)
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3) NQ
- Critical thinking is important because it helps one to distinguish if an intervention helped a patient, or the improvement was the result of the natural history of the disease (and was a coincidence). |
:)
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4) NQ
- The highest form of research (true experimental design) incorporates these three concepts. |
:)
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5) NQ
- QED -> Pre experimental designs are used to see if you need to come up with a null hypothesis or a true experiment |
:)
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6) NQ: With data collection, you must have “rules,” meaning your value of 1 needs to be the same as others.
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:)
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7) NQ: Example of qualitiative data
- Numbers may identify whether someone can do something or not. - For example – give subject a 1 if they can jump, 0 if they can’t - Numbers have no quantity, just a category |
:)
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8) NQ:
- Example of ordinal scale - Class survey of class satisfaction - Categories hate a little, hate a lot, it’s ok, like a little, like a lot - If the majority of students respond (like a little), then that would get the ordinal rank of 1st. - The difference between 2nd and 3rd place isn’t necessarily the same as the distance between 1st and 2nd |
:)
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9) NQ: If you want to develop a test on balance by measuring potential falls, need to understand balance physiology and reflexes and how they affect falling (neuroscience construct)
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:)
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10) NQ: Test statistics is when you are using a statistic that is specific for samples
- FIM for example |
:)
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