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215 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
1) What provides the data from measurements?
- Assessments (tests)
2) What is the act of quantifying variables such as cognition, pain, etc?
- Measurements
4) To quantify a variable, what do you have to generate?
- A number
5) Measurements are what kind of data?
- Numerical
6) If you are doing a test on knee function, are you measuring ROM, strength, gait, etc.?
- No, you are measuring degree of difference, feet walked per minute, scores, lbs per square feet, etc.
- You are simply collecting data
2) What is the act of quantifying variables such as cognition, pain, etc?
- Measurements
8) What is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with an intent of improving it?
- Critical thinking
9) Is critical thinking directed by others?
- No, it is self directed
5) Measurements are what kind of data?
- Numerical
10) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, & interpret the world in terms of yourself?
- Egocentrism
6) If you are doing a test on knee function, are you measuring ROM, strength, gait, etc.?
- No, you are measuring degree of difference, feet walked per minute, scores, lbs per square feet, etc.
- You are simply collecting data
11) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, and interpret the word in terms of your society, culture, or profession? For example, seeing health care through the perspective of a physical therapist.
- Sociocentrism
8) What is the art of analyzing and evaluating thinking with an intent of improving it?
- Critical thinking
12) “It’s true because I’ve always believed it” is an example of what kind of thinking?
- Innate self validation
9) Is critical thinking directed by others?
- No, it is self directed
11) What is the tendency to perceived, understand, and interpret the word in terms of your society, culture, or profession? For example, seeing health care through the perspective of a physical therapist.
- Sociocentrism
12) “It’s true because I’ve always believed it” is an example of what kind of thinking?
- Innate self validation
13) “It’s true because we believe it” is an example of?
- Innate sociocentrism
15) Six steps of scientific method?
1. Empirical data is generated
- 2. Hypothesis generation
- 3. Experiment conduction and data generated
- 4.Analyze statistics
- 5. Accept or reject statistics.
- 6. Theories can be generated
16) What kind of data should be taken in the first step of the scientific method?
- Empirical data, which needs to be objective
- Must not have any interpretations
17) What kind of hypothesis says that no difference exists between explanations?
- Null hypothesis
18) What kind of hypothesis says that there is a difference between explanations?
- Alternate hypothesis
19) What part of the scientific method are treatments?
- experiments
20) What kind of reasoning is specific to general?
- Inductive
21) What kind of reasoning is from general to specific?
- Deductive reasoning
22) What type of reasoning is more common in science?
- deductive
23) What kind of reasoning comes from a general idea, principle, or thought and arrives at something specific?
- Deductive
24) What type of reasoning comes from individual cases or specific facts and arriving at a general conclusion?
- Inductive reasoning
25) How would you define scientific models?
- A series of steps or events which explain a process
29) Which of the two models shows development as: Disease->impairment->disability->handicap?
International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
26) What are to big problems with models?
- Outdated as soon as they are made because variables can change
- People try to fit all thought process into models they’ve been trained to use, which doesn’t always work
29) Which of the two models shows development as: Disease->impairment->disability->handicap?
International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
28) Which of these two models shows development as : Active pathology->impairment->functional limitations ->disability
- Nagi
30) If you mess with active pathology in the nagi model, what would you have?
- Impairment
33) What are the seven types of research you will see as a clinician?
- Quantitative and qualitative research
- Basic/pure/bench research
- Clinical research
- Applied research
- Methodological research
- Descriptive research
- Epidemiological research
31) What is defined by: An objective, systemic investigation?
- Research
32) What is the research paradigm?
- Descriptive data you can not infer into the future
4) What type of research is considered higher quality because results can be generalized, quantitative or qualitative?
- Quantitative
5) Which of the previous two describes the population/sample being tested?
- Qualitative
6) This is a quantitative type of research that deals with establishing new knowledge in the development or refinement of a theory?
- Basic/pure/bench
7) This type of research involves human subjects receiving different treatments to solve clinical problems? Can be clinical trials of new programs, products, drugs, techniques?
- Clinical research
8) This type of quantitative research is designed to answer practical problems? For examples, development of MRI machines.
- Applied Research
9) This type of research is for developing or designed new changes between variables? It also measures difference between tests
- Methodological research
10) This type of qualitative research systematically describes a condition, observation, or area of interest?
- Descriptive research
11) What is an example of descriptive research?
- A questionnaire
12) This type of (usually) qualitative research studies the incidence, distribution, cause of disease, impairment?
- Epidemiological research
13) If you describe two types of disease, is it Qualitative or quantitative?
- Qualitative
14) If you describe incidence of these two diseases, is it qualitative or quantitative?
- Quantitative
_____________ _________________ determines how you set up the expirment, research to evaluate null hypothesis, and decide what to measure.
- Research methodology
4) What are the three important concepts of research methodology?
- Manipulation
- Control
- Randomization
6) What are the two types of variables?
- Independent and dependent
7) What type of variable is manipulated and can be the intervention?
- Independent variable
8) Which type of variable is the outcome?
- Dependent variable
9) What two things do you change variables in connection with?
- Subject or Condition
10) If a drug that measured confusion was created, what would be the independent and dependent variables?
-Independent: Drug given or not
- Dependent: Confusion
11) This is the ability of a researcher to control or eliminate interfering and irrelevant influences?
- Control
12) Since you can’t control all variables, you can?
- Add a control group, so there are two levels of control
- Ex: Analgesic effect of experimental drug A on reducing inflammation for RA)
(i) Group I (20 patients) Drug A
1. A high response
(ii) Group II (20 patients) Placebo
1. May see a response (placebo effect)
(iii) Group III (They get no drug or placebo)
1. Expect no response
2. Sometimes can’t have a control, so you use the subjects as their own control
13) What is the process designed to reduce the risk of systematic bias from influencing the study?
- Randomization
14) Randomization ensures subjects are __________________ or the groups from which they are chosen and that the _____________________ and ____________________- groups are the same.
- Representative; experimental and control
15) What is the chance we are measuring and changing what we think we are changing and measuring?
- Internal validity
16) What is the chance that results found in subjects van be applied to groups outside of the group studied?
- External validity
17) What are the three categories that research protocols (methodologies) fall into?
- True experimental design
- Quasi-experimental design
- Non-experimental design
18) What is a feature of a true experimental design where researcher and subject don’t know if they are getting placebo or therapy?
- Double blind
19) True experimental designs have an outcome that is?
- Measurable
20) Quasi experimental designs must have _____________________, but don’t have to have what other two things?
- Must have manipulations, but don’t have to have control or randomization
22) Case studies are examples of what kind of methodological design?
o QED
o QED EXAMPLE
• Pre test, treatment, post test
• BP taken, BP medicine given to subjects 4 wks
• After 4 wks take BP again
• Pre & post treatment
23) Which of the three methodological designs si good for correlation studies?
- Non-experimental designs
24) What type of design has no manipulation of independent variables, controls, or randomizations and basically describes characteristics and events connected with a sample population or invidual?
- Non experimental
26) What are the categories of a measurements based on purpose?
- Fundamental measurements
- Derived measurements
- Change measurements
27) What kind of measurements are obtained without needing to use a mathematical formula or derivation?
- Fundamental measurements
28) What kind of measurements are of a dependent variable and are obtained as a result of a mathematical operation applied to existing measurements? EX. L femur is 18 cm, R is 17cm, Difference is 1 cm.
- Derived measurements
29) What kind of measurements are based on the mathematical difference between two of the same kinds of measurements on the same subject? EX. Pre and post test
- Change measurements
30) What are the three purposes of measurements in clinical research?
- 1. Evaluative purpose
- 2. Predictive purpose
- 3. Discriminative purpose
31) Which measurement purpose type looks at the effects of intervention over time?
- Evaluative
32) Which measurement purpose type uses measusremnt to discriminate some function, variable, or activity among subjects? EX. Cognitive funct
- Discriminative
- For example – cognitive fx among subjects – find a test to eval short term memory, generate information, thus discriminating the info about short term memory.
33) Which measurement purpose type uses measurements to say something about future events or conditions? EX. Prognosis
- Predictive
34) Which measurement purpose type is also referred to as outcome measures
- Evaluative
7) If using the berg balance test to determine the degree of balance impairment, it would be what kind of test?
- Evaluative
8) What four levels to assessments (measurements) occur at?
- 1. Active pathology (Cellular) level
- 2.Activity or systems level (limitation level)
- 3. Functional level (body ICF – Impairment)
- 4. Disability and Handicap level (Participation)
9) Which of these levels would be considered for completion of a task?
- Functional level
10) Which of these levels would be considered for muscle enzyme test?
- cellular
11) Which of these levels would be considered for assessment that evaluates patients ability to run, walk, jump?
- Impairment
12) Which of these levels would be considered for what is not working during an activity? For example, can speak –but not well. Or can run, but lose stamina ..
- Activity level
13) Data that is composed of letters or characters, that can be expressed as characters is?
- Qualitative (alphanumeric) data (not research!)
14) What is a qualitative data also known as?
- Character of Categorical data
8) If quantitative numbers are zip codes, area codes, telephone numbers, they are called?
- Nominal numbers
9) What kind of statistics are used to describe qualitative data?
- Descriptive (mean, mode, etc.)
10) Quantitative data must be _________________ , or it won’t lend itself to valid statistical analysis.
- Standardized
11) Numbers generated by quantitative measurements reflect how much of a ______________ variable (attribute) is present or absent.
- Dependent
12) These type of variables can only be described as whole numbers?
- Discrete or cardinal
13) These type of variables can take on any value along a continuum within a definite range?
- Continuous variables
- Ex. Gait speed – how fast do you walk – have to have a range- 60 seconds if they walk for a minute, record how far they walked.
14) . These type of variables don’t have decimals, can be used with qualitative data, and can be referred to as count data (add up all people in different categories)?
- Discrete variables
15) What are the four kinds of scales used to measure variables in order from least specific to most?
- Nominal
- Ordinal
- Interval
- Ratio
16) Whether a person can stand or not is an example of what kind of variable?
- Nominal
17) With this type of scale, no group can be ranked above the other or ordered above another, it is useful for sorting items and establishing groups.
- Nominal
18) This type of scale is a ranking scale, implies greater or lesser degree, is nonparametric, and there is no equality of difference between categories?
- Ordinal
20) In this kind of scale, data is ranked in a logical sequence and the intervals between the sequence of numbers is considered equal and represent actual values (amounts).
- Interval scale
- Data is measured on a continuum
21) Height measured in inches would be represented on what type of scale?
- Interval
22) Is there an absolute zero in the interval scale?
- No -> or if there is it is arbitrary
23) Is a ratio scale also on a continuum?
- Yes
24) What is the difference between an interval and ratio scale?
- Ratio scale has an absolute zero
25) Which three scales are used for quantitative data?
- Ordinal, interval, ratio
26) On what scale would a frozen shoulder with 0 movement on a goniometer be measured on?
- Ratio scale
27) What property says that we are measuring what we are supposed to be measuring?
- validity
28) Is validity an all or none property?
- No, it is a spectrum
29) Is a reliable assessment always valid?
- No, it can be consistent in outcome but STILL not be measuring what you want to measure
30) Validity and reliability are properties of the ________________________, not properties of the
___________________________.
measurement; assessment
-for example, a test could measure strength in stroke pop; but when applied to CP pop it might not be valid. So it is a fx of the measurement, not the test
9) What kind of property indicates that statistics can be applied to other populations?
- External validity
10) This property indicates whether an independent variable is responsible for variation in the dependent variable
- Internal validity
11) If it is direct cause and effect, how will that affect internal validity?
- It will be high
12) What things might lower internal validity?
- Multiple testing with subjects
- Incorrectly calibrated instruments
- Subject selection and randomization
13) You need to have good ___________________ to have good internal validity.
- Controls
14) This type of validity is based on the knowledge & intellectual underpinning upon which the test and measurements are developed
- Construct validity
16) This type of validity is related to the extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content? This is a non-statistical validity.
- Content validity
18) Which type of validity is instrument validity?
- Criterion based validity
17) If you say you are measuring body strength, but only measure shoulder flexion – what kind of validity does this negatively influence?
- Content validity
19) If you are comparing measurements being examined with another measurement or series of measurements that have shown to be valid, what kind of validity would you be looking at?
- Criterion based validity
- Important to determine whether an assessment can be put to practical use
20) What validity would be being assessed if one looked at how people who do well on a written MMT exam perform on a practical?
- Criterion validity
- If the written had been shown to be valid, then should perform well on practical
21) What are the three types of criterion based validity?
- concurrent
- predictive
- prescriptive
22) Which of the three aforementioned types looks at when an inferred interpretation is justified by comparing measurement with supporting evidence that was taken at approximately the same time? (this question sucks)
- Concurrent
- More precise than criterion bc of the time frame (?)
- Basically measuring same thing a different way
(i) Ex. Measuring sprain with anterior drawer, then also MRI
23) What kind of validity is concerned with using criterion to make true predictions?
- Predictive validity
- Most screening tests have this
- Can predict if something will go wrong if left untreated
24) What type of validity is concerned with using the inferred interpretation of criterion (measurement) from a test to prescribe a treatment?
- Prescriptive validity
25) What type of non-statistical validity is concerned with how a measure or assessment appears?
- Face validity
- Basically asking yourself whether data seems reasonable
26) What kind of validity refers to the degree to which a measure is correlated with other measures that it is theoretically supposed correlate with?
- Convergent validity
- Multiple tests measuring the same thing and put the same person through all the test and the end results should be very similar
27) What is the degree to which measurements of a test remain consistent over repeated tests over the same subjects under identical conditions
- Reliability
28) What is the statistical definition of reliability?
- How error free and how repeatable measurements are
29) If something is reliable, is it valid?
- No
10) What are the three types of reliability?
- Inter-tester reliability
- Intra-tester(Rater) reliability
- Test-retest reliability
11) Which type of reliability shows consistency of measurements when taken by more than one person?
- Inter-rater
12) Does interrater reliability measures the test or the testers?
- Testers
13) What reliability looks at how consistent one tester is over time?
- Intra-rater
14) What type of reliability looks a consistency of measurements over time?
- Test-retest reliability
15) Does test retest reliability measure assessment or testers?
- Measures assessment
16) What is extracting the max info about a set of data one can?
- Statistics
17) What is defined by “total number of individuals, measurements, or units from which data is collected?”
- Population
18) What is defined by “portion/subset of the population?”
- Sample
- Can rarely use an entire population
20) What are the three levels of data analysis you can do with samples?
- Descriptive analysis
- Correlative (or trend) analysis
- Comparative analysis
21) What is the lowest level of data analysis?
- Descriptive
- Can’t use to infer for population (qualitative)
22) This analaysis describes something with numbers (mean/mode of age, height, weight)
- Descriptive
23) This type of data analysis describes relationships of change between one variable and change in another variable?
- Correlative analysis
- Use correlation coeffcieints
- Middle of the three types of data analysis
24) What type of data analysis would be used to see if there is a link between change of strength and volume with a weight conditioning program?
- Data analysis
- Dependent variable: muscle strength and volume of muscle mass
- Independent variable: weight conditioning policy
25) Can correlative analysis extrapolate results to a population?
- yes
26) What is the highest level of data analysis?
- Comparative analysis
27) What does comparative analysis determine?
- Whether 2 or more groups of data are different or not. Cause and effect
- Ex. Intervention for sore muscles
- Do interventions after 1st visit and measurements, then re measure later to check progress
28) What are the two categories of tests used with samples?
- Parametric and nonparametric tests
29) Which type of tests are run with normally distributed data (bell shaped curve)?
- Parametric statistics
30) Which type of tests are run when measurements are not normally distributed?
- Non parametric
31) Which type of test is used when mode and median are around the mean?
- Parametric stats
33) Chi square tests are parametric or nonparametric?
- Parametric
32) Which type of test is used when samples are small? Data is often nominal or ordinal
- Nonparametric test
35) When looking at mean HR of all men in room during an exam, this would be inferential or descriptive stat?
- Descriptive
36) If comparing mean HR of men and women, is it inferential or descriptive?
- Inferential
- Can be extrapolated to other parts of the pop
37) Which type of statistics describe, organize, and summarize data?
- Descriptive
39) What are some things that make up descriptive stats? (I THINK)
- Percentages, frequency, percentiles, prevalence, incidence
38) What is more valid, inferential or descriptive stats?
- Inferential bc they can be compared
41) The total number of cases in the pop or sample at a given time is? Usually a %
- Prevalence
40) What is defined by the a specified percent of the data falls below or under a value?
- Percentile
42) What is used to estimate how common a condition is within a population a certain period in time?
- Prevalence
45) Which of the three previously mentioned is the value that occurs most frequently?
- Mode
46) What are the three descriptors of relative position?
- Range
- Standard deviation
- Standard error of the mean
43) The measurement of the # of new people who develop a disease or condition during a particular period of time? Usually a %
- Incidence
47) Which of the previous is the interval between min and max values?
- Range
44) What are the three descriptions of central tendency?
- Mean, median, mode
12) This is the measure of the variability of a pop, sample, or prob distribution?
- Standard deviation
- Want to be low (closer to mean)
- Use same measurements of units
13) What quantifies the certainty with which the mean computed from a random sample estimates the true mean of the pop from which the sample was drawn?
- Standard error of the mean
- -measures variability just like SD
46) What are the three descriptors of relative position?
- Range
- Standard deviation
- Standard error of the mean
14) What is more accurate, SEM or SD?
- SEM – good to have, shows author took extra step
47) Which of the previous is the interval between min and max values?
- Range
12) This is the measure of the variability of a pop, sample, or prob distribution?
- Standard deviation
- Want to be low (closer to mean)
- Use same measurements of units
15) These types of test use data from samples to make inferences about the whole pop?
- Inferential stats
13) What quantifies the certainty with which the mean computed from a random sample estimates the true mean of the pop from which the sample was drawn?
- Standard error of the mean
- -measures variability just like SD
14) What is more accurate, SEM or SD?
- SEM – good to have, shows author took extra step
15) These types of test use data from samples to make inferences about the whole pop?
- Inferential stats
16) What kind of data must you use when doing a student t-test?
- Parametric data
18) Which of those tests whether the mean from a normal pop differs from a hypothesized value?
- Unpaired t-test
19) Which do you use with independent sample t-test and one sample t-test?
- Unpaired t-test
22) When do you often use ANOVA?
- When you have three or more independent variables and only one dependent variable
- For example, if you are having a TKA and have three intervention options
20) Which t-test is used to test whether the means of two groups are different or are related when the samples were drawn in pairs?
- Paired t-tests
- Ex. Eval new intervention on TKA
- Take ROM mean one week, take again the second
- Compare post and pre data
23) If two independent variables, what would you use?
- Paired t-test
21) This is an extensive class of related stat models (tests) and procedures, in which ht eobserved variance (SD and SEM) is separated into categories due to different independent variables
- ANOVA (analysis of variance)
24) What is also known as indices of association?
- Correlation coefficients
22) When do you often use ANOVA?
- When you have three or more independent variables and only one dependent variable
- For example, if you are having a TKA and have three intervention options
23) If two independent variables, what would you use?
- Paired t-test
25) This is an index of the amount of association between two variables or the amount which the order of individuals on 1 variable is similar to the order of individuals on a second variable?
- Correlation coefficients
- Confusing question!
27) Do strong correlations of data prove cause and effect?
- No
28) What are five types of correlation coefficients?
- Pearsons, interclass (ICC), spearman rank, cronabach’s alpha, cohen’s kappa coefficient
29) Which CC quantifies the strength of association between two normally distributed variables? It usually shown as R in papers and used a lot with true experimental design.
- Pearsons
30) What CC demonstrates the consistency or conformity of measurements taken by multiple raters ? Can tell if all raters are doing it the same way.
- Interclass Correlation Coefficient
32) What CC is often used to measure the internal consistency and reliably of a measurement?
- Cronbach’s alpha
33) What CC measures inter-rater agreement for qualitative (categorical) items?
- Cohens Kappa
34) Can you use cohen’s for quantitative data?
NO
35) Can you apply cohens to multiple raters?
NO
37) # of sick subjects who were found to have disease?
- True positives
38) # of healthy subjects correctly identified as not having disease?
- True negative
39) # of healthy subjects incorrectly identified as having disease?
- False positives
40) # of sick subjects incorrectly identified as not having disease
- False negatives
41) This is the percentage of actual positives that are correctly identified as positive?
- Sensitivity (same as true positive)
42) What would 100 percent sensitivity indicate?
- Correctly identified all people who had problem
43) What is formula for sensitivity?
- No. of true positives/ no of true positives false+ negs
- Example 100/100+0 =100
- 95/95+5 = 95 percent
- (think of as all the people identified as positive over everyone who is actually positive
44) How do you calculate specificity?
- No of true negatives/no of true negatives+no of false positives
- EX. 100/100+0 = 100%
- 95/95+5 = 95 percent
45) Specificity is the same as a?
- True negative
46) This indicates the proportion of negatives which are correctly identified as negative?
- Specificity
47) What does 100 percent specificity mean?
- You correctly identified everyone who did not have disease
11) NQ: Both parametric and nonparametric data can involved descriptive and inferential stat tests
:)
NQ

12) How do you calculate incidence?
13) How do you calculate prevalence?
:)
1) NQ
- What you want to evaluate -> assessments (tests) -> measurements (data) ->statistical analysis -> evaluate and decide what to do
:)
2) NQ
- The measurements (data) are then analyzed to make decisions about the initial variable (such as ROM, strength, gait).
:)
3) NQ
- Critical thinking is important because it helps one to distinguish if an intervention helped a patient, or the improvement was the result of the natural history of the disease (and was a coincidence).
:)
4) NQ
- The highest form of research (true experimental design) incorporates these three concepts.
:)
5) NQ
- QED -> Pre experimental designs are used to see if you need to come up with a null hypothesis or a true experiment
:)
6) NQ: With data collection, you must have “rules,” meaning your value of 1 needs to be the same as others.
:)
7) NQ: Example of qualitiative data
- Numbers may identify whether someone can do something or not.
- For example – give subject a 1 if they can jump, 0 if they can’t
- Numbers have no quantity, just a category
:)
8) NQ:
- Example of ordinal scale
- Class survey of class satisfaction
- Categories hate a little, hate a lot, it’s ok, like a little, like a lot
- If the majority of students respond (like a little), then that would get the ordinal rank of 1st.
- The difference between 2nd and 3rd place isn’t necessarily the same as the distance between 1st and 2nd
:)
9) NQ: If you want to develop a test on balance by measuring potential falls, need to understand balance physiology and reflexes and how they affect falling (neuroscience construct)
:)
10) NQ: Test statistics is when you are using a statistic that is specific for samples
- FIM for example
:)