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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference in clonality of neoplastic growth and hyperplasia?
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Neoplasia: Clonal
Hyperplasia: Polyclonal |
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What is the mechanism for a neoplastic growth and hyperplasia?
Are the reversible? |
Neoplasia: Genetic Alteration
Hyperplasia: Response to injury/stress Only Hyperplasia is reversible |
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What are 2 main characteristics of a malignant neoplasia?
How do these differ from a benign neoplasia? |
1. Invasion: move into adjacent tissue
2. Metastasis: colonize distant sites No invasion/metastasis in a benign lesion, benign = localized |
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What is a tumor?
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Tumor: neoplasm
- abnormal mass of tissue - clonal - excessive and uncoordinated growth - often seen in heritable genetic alteration |
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What are the 3 types of biopsy that can be performed for a definitive diagnosis of cancer?
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1. Needle aspiration - small gauge needle used to draw cells
2. Incisional Biopsy - portion of tissues removed from larger lesion 3. Excisional biopsy - removal of all or most of the lesion |
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What are the 2 main categories that comprise the histopathological evaluation?
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1. Gross Examination
2. Microscopic Examination - mainly light microscope (H&E) but also electron, protein markers, etc |
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What are the 4 steps to basic histopathaologic tumor examination?
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1. Define overall process - neoplasia vs. infection
2. Determine if benign vs. malignant 3. Classify neoplasm subtype 4. For malignancies, define grade |
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What are the 2 cellular components of a solid tumor?
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1. Neoplastic (parenchymal) cells - resemble cells from tissue of origin. major determinant of biologic behavior
2. Stroma - connective tissue and blood vessels that provide support and nutrient supply |
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What nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) ratio is observed in malignant tumors?
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A larger N/C ration bc nucleus is larger and more prominent
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What are the characteristics of a benign tumor in terms of:
1. Invasion 2. Metastases 3. Encapsulation 4. Borders 5. Growth on skin or mucosal surfaces |
1. Invasion: No
2. Metastases: No 3. Encapsulation: Yes 4. Borders: Pushing 5. Growth: Exophytic - outward growth |
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What are the characteristics of a malignant tumor in terms of:
1. Invasion 2. Metastases 3. Encapsulation 4. Borders 5. Growth on skin or mucosal surfaces |
1. Invasion: Yes
2. Metastases: Frequent 3. Encapsulation: No 4. Borders: infiltrative 5. Growth: Endophytic - growth down through basement membrane |
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What is a malignant tumor of Epithelial Origin called?
Mesenchymal Origin? Hematopoietic Origin? |
Epithelial Origin: Carcinoma
Mesenchymal Origin: Sarcoma Hematopoiteic Origin: Lymphoma, Leukemia |
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What are benign tumors called?
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End in -oma and prefix states what type of cell. Examples:
Papilloma - benign papillary tumor Adenoma - benign glandular tumor Fibroma - benign fibro tumor Lipoma - benign fat tumor |
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What are the cellular characteristics of an epithelial tumor (carcinoma)
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Polygonal and adhere to each other by tight junctions to form gland, duct, or sheet of layer
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Are cancer cells more or less differentiated?
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Less differentiated. Look larger, more irregular, and disorganized with increased NC ratio than normal tissue
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What is a carcinoma of smooth muscle called?
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Leiomyosarcoma
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What characteristics are looked at when grading a tumor for severity?
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1. Differentiation (Less differentiated = more severe)
2. Signs of rapid growth (mitotic rate, atypical mitoses, hypercellularity, necrosis) 3. Evidence of invasion (capsular, lymphovascular neural) |
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Why is necrosis seen in malignant, aggressive tumors?
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Because the tumor grows so fast that it outstrips its blood supply
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What condition is observed in pre-cancerous conditions?
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Dysplasia - "disordered growth"
- change in cytologic features - pleomorphism and loss of differentiation - changes in nuclear features - hyperchromasia and abnormal mitotic activity - disordered architecture of tissue Does NOT necessarily progress to cancer |
