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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory system function |
To provide a pathway for the ingress and egress of air to the lings where gas exchange can take place with the blood Provide a mechanism for filtering humidifying and warming the air |
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Healthy adult breathing rate |
12-16 breaths pm |
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Cardiovascular system function |
To pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and to pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the lungsTo pump nutrients and hormones to the cells of the body and to assist in the elimination of metabolic waste (CO2, heat etc) To pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and to pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the lungsTo pump nutrients and hormones to the cells of the body and to assist in the elimination of metabolic waste (CO2, heat etc) To pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and to pump deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the lungsTo pump nutrients and hormones to the cells of the body and to assist in the elimination of metabolic waste (CO2, heat etc) |
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Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps the lungs for oxygenation? |
The right side of the heart |
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What does the left side of the heart receive? |
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it round the body for use by body tissues and cells |
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Where does motor nerves transmit from? |
From the brain to the body |
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Where does sensory nerves transmit from? |
From the body to the brain |
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What's is the most common diving related injury in diving medicine? |
Middle ear squeeze Middle ear is an air filled cavity between the outer and inner ear |
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Which sinus injury can mimic dental barotrauma? |
The maxillary sinus |
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Definition of Oxygen deficiency (O2) - hypoxia |
Inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissues |
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Causes of oxygen deficiency - hypoxia. (Gas supply) |
.poorly prepared equipment .Insufficient o2 in the breathing gas.poorly prepared equipment.partial pressure of o2 being breathed falls below 0.2 atmospheres absolute ATA .partial pressure of o2 being breathed falls below 0.2 atmospheres absolute ATA |
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Signs and symptoms of oxygen deficiency |
Muscular weakness Poor coordination Impaired vision Impaired hearing Impaired judgement and cognition Unconsciousness Death |
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Treatment of oxygen deficiency |
Switch to another gas supply Adherence to diver sops Isolate diving gear Conduct full medical examination including neurological |
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Carbon dioxide poisoning - HYPERCAPNIA |
Increased amount of Co2 in the blood |
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What are the two main adverse effects of nitrogen to divers? |
Decompression illness and nitrogen narcosis |
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What causes Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning |
When inhaled combines with the haemoglobin in the blood thus restricting the uptake and availability of o2 in the bloodstream. |
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What is the definition of Decompression illness |
Whether a gas can be eliminated in solution from a given tissue depends on tissue solubility (disolving) factors and the rate of reduction |
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How to use the suction catheter method (airway management) |
1. Can use in supine or recovery position 2. Tip of suction catheter must be visible at all times 3.a maximum of 2 second bursts of suction until airway is clear |
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What is the "J" shaped tube used for? OPA |
Simple term is To maintain airway by stopping the tongue from blocking it And if jaw thrust has failed to clear airway |
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What are the Does and don'ts for inserting a 'J' shaped tube (OPA) |
Insert if: Casualty is deeply unconscious Unresponsive to any stimuli Absent gag reflex
DO NOT insert if: Casualty is conscious Casualty is semi-conscious Has a gag reflex |
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What are the advantages of an NPA? |
Can be used on semi conscious casualty With clenched teeth Better tolerated Fluctuating level of consciousness Can use second NPA |
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Does and don't for inserting NPA tube 6mm to 9mm size |
Insert if: Casualty is unconscious Semi unconscious who does not want the OPA
DO NOT insert if: The NPA cannot be passed easily May relieve obstructed tongue
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What are the NPA complications? |
Trauma to the nose Can vomit if too long |
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What are the two mechanical methods of airway management? |
OPA method (O for oral) NPA method (N for Nasel) |
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What are the 3 basic manual options for airway management |
The recovery position, if breathing unaided Head tilt chin lift Jaw thrust |
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When should you give oxygen from the cylinder |
All occasions of diving illnesses (except o2 toxicity) All occasions of missed decompression All trauma casualties |
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What is the ORM used for? Oxygen reservoir mask |
Used for all cases of oxygen administration in the first instance |
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What is the BVM used for? Bag valve mask. |
Is used to assist breathe for an unconscious casualty whose breathing falls outside goal posts of life. Below 10 or above 30 breathe per min |
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What is pneumothorax? |
A pneumothorax is a life threatening emergency which pressure in the pleural space from a one way valve allowing one way entry of air and eventually causing lung collapse on the affected side |
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What are the possible causes of pneumothorax? |
Rapid assent Breath holding on assent Similar to pulmonary barotrauma Penetrating chest injury |
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What is the order of RISE in the rise n fall examination? |
Rate (rapid breathing) Injury (possibly) Symmetry (check affected chest side) Effort (casualty working hard to breath)
Move on to Neck signs..
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What is the order of TWELVE for rise and fall examination? (Neck area) |
Trachea (may be deviated toward NON injured side)
Wounds (may be present) Emphysema (air trapped skin neck) Larynx (probably intact) Veins (visibly distended) Expose (ensure neck and chest exposed)
Moving onto FALL
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What is the order for FALL in examination |
Feel ( may find damaged ribs) Assess ( make percussion sound with hand and finger on the affected side) Listen (reduced breath on affected side) Look (may find injuries on the back of the chest, not initially seen. Move on to the needle |
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What is the Needle decompression definition |
The insertion of the needle into the chest cavity to receive the increased air pressure. |
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What are the 5 condition statements prior to conducting needle decompression? |
Must act as an MOD military diver or supervisor woth the responsibility for resuscitation and life support Be in date for MDFA Must have diagnosed casualty with tension pneumothorax and determined that the needle decompression is required Must have access to appropriate resources medical equipment set on site diving ops Contacted the DDMO and gained agreement |
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Proceeded for needle decompression |
Confirmed approval Explain to the procedure to diver and obtain acceptance o2 Put on gloves Clean chest Give o2Put on glovesClean chest Locate correct position of the chest Locate correct position of the chest |
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What os the position of the chest to insert needle |
2nd intercostal space on the mid-clavicular line. Above the 3rd rib |
