Md2 Ns Introduction Ppp

Front 1

one neuron communicates with another through

Back 1

synaptic connections

the process is called

Hint 1

synaptic transmission.

Front 2

Synaptic transmission comes in two basic flavors:

Back 2

excitation
inhibition


p

Hint 2

Front 3

First week: start of the differentiation of the = 2ct

Back 3

spinal cord
brain

Front 4

___ weeks: the beginning of the neuronal communications

Back 4

10 wks

Hint 4

Front 5

What distinguishes the neuron from other cells?

Back 5

polarized
Dendrites
soma
axon

Hint 5

Basic morphological features they are polarized
they have distinct morphological regions with specific functions
 Dendrites are the region where one neuron receives connections from other neurons
 The cell body or soma contains the nucleus and the other organelles necessary for cellular function
The axon over which information is transmitted from one part of the terminal regions of the neuron

Front 6

synapse is the =

Back 6

terminal region of the axon

Front 7

The synapse is the _________ region of the axon

Back 7

terminal

Hint 7

Front 8

morphological features

gap known as the

Back 8

synaptic cleft

Front 9

the presynaptic neuron needs to release a =

Back 9

chemical messenger

that messenger is found within the ____ _____ _____

Hint 9

neurotransmitter-containing vesicles

Front 10

an ________ ______ causes these vesicles to fuse with the inner surface

Back 10

action potential

of the presynaptic membrane and release their contents
through a process called =

Hint 10

exocytosis

Front 11

the binding to the receptors leads to a change in the permeability of ion channels
in the membrane and a change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron known as a postsynaptic synaptic potential (PSP)

Back 11

.outside the cell, in the extracellular medium, zero potential is recorded

( the extracellular medium is __________)

Hint 11

isopotential

Front 12

a potential of about ___ millivolts inside the cell
(negative with respect to the outside)

Back 12

-60

This potential is called the

Hint 12

resting potential

Front 13

the resting potential
it is constant in the absence of =

Back 13

it is constant in the absence of stimulation

all cells in the body have resting potentials

Front 14

What distinguishes nerve cells?

Back 14

capable of changing their resting potential

Front 15

Action potentials

Back 15

stimulation of the cell
make the inside of the cell somewhat more positive

Front 16

decrease in the polarized state of a membrane
is called

Back 16

is called a depolarization

Front 17

depolarization sufficiently large trigger an action potential
known as a

Back 17

spike or an impulse

Front 18

depolarization is followed by

Back 18

repolarization phase

Front 19

repolarization phase
the voltage at which the depolarization becomes sufficient

Back 19

to trigger an action potential is called the threshold

Front 20

repolarization phase
the voltage at which the depolarization becomes sufficient
to trigger an action potential is called the

Back 20

threshold

Front 21

Features of action potentials

Back 21

all-or-nothing fashion

Front 22

the greater the amount of stretch to a muscle stretch receptor
the greater the number of =

Back 22

action potentials

Front 23

the greater the number of action potentials
the greater will be the

Back 23

contraction of the muscle

Front 24

action potential in the presynaptic neuron
leads to a decrease in the membrane potential
of the postsynaptic cell
This potential is called an

Back 24

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Front 25

multiple action potentials fired in the presynaptic cell
can summate through a process called

Back 25

temporal summation

“go signal”

Front 26

inhibitory neuron

neuron makes a synaptic contact with the postsynaptic neuron
releases a chemical transmitter messenger
the consequences of the transmitter from the postsynaptic neuron
is opposite to the consequences of that of previous case (EPSP)
it produce an increase in the membrane potential
of the postsynaptic neuron

Back 26

Hyperpolarization

Hint 26

Front 27

the membrane potential is farther away from threshold
This type of potential is called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
it tends to prevent the postsynaptic neuron
from firing an action potential

Back 27

“stop” signal

Front 28

___________ refers to the capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and, its function over a lifetime, in reaction to environmental diversity.

Back 28

plasticity

Front 29

_____________ the process by which a neuron summates synaptic excitation and inhibition

Back 29

Integration

Front 30

temporal summation
spatial summation

Back 30

(the area of the dendrites receiving synaptic contacts)

Front 31

Neuronal Networks

Back 31

.

Front 32

________ _______  Allows one neuron to relay information to its neighbor

Back 32

Feedforward excitation.


_____ _______ limiting excitation in a neural circuit.

Hint 32

Feedforward inhibition

Front 33

mediate the spinal stretch reflex =

Back 33

,Feedforward excitation

Front 34

(1)excitation of extensor motor neuron-contraction of muscle
extension of limb =

Back 34

(feed forvard excitation)

Front 35

(2)excitation of interneuron
it sends inhibitory potential to flexor muscle =

Back 35

(feed forward inhibition)

Hint 35

Front 36

Back 36

.

Front 37

One postsynaptic cell receives convergent input
from a number of different presynaptic cells







any individual neuron can make divergent connections
to many different postsynaptic cells

Back 37

Front 38

Important for processing sensory information

Back 38

Edge enhancement

Front 39

Nanocircuit:
Absence of stimulus-neuron fires action potential
And generate rhythmic behaviour

Back 39

(respiration)

Front 40

Feedback excitation
Or
neuron activate itself
(important for learning and memory)

Back 40

Feedback/recurrent excitation
Perpetuated action activation of presynaptic neuron
Switched network on and it could stay on

Hint 40

Front 41

Repetitive Behavior
________ is repetitive movement.

Autism:

Back 41

Stereotypy =

Hint 41

Repetitive Behavior
repetitive movement.

Front 42

Repetitive Behavior

Compulsive behavior =

Autism:

Back 42

i- follow rules =

Hint 42

Compulsive behavior 

Front 43

Repetitive Behavior

________ is resistance to change

Autism:

Back 43

Sameness

Front 44

Repetitive Behavior


Ritualistic behavior : =

Autism:

Back 44

unvarying pattern of daily activities,

Front 45

Repetitive Behavior


Restricted behavior : =

Autism:

Back 45

limited in focus, interest, or activity,

Front 46

Repetitive Behavior

Self-injury

Autism:

Back 46

.

Front 47

An example of feedback inhibition is the nanocircuit for the gene regulation that underlies ________ _______

Back 47

circadian rhythms.

Hint 47

Front 48

________ is not in any one synapse
It is distributed in the network

Back 48

Memory


________ ______ network is important for
Memory

Hint 48

auto-association

Front 49

1. Common circuit motifs that mediate the spinal stretcg reflex include all of the following EXCEPT

A.Feedforward excitation
B. Feedforward inhibition
C.Fedback inhibition
D.Lateral inhibition
E .Divergence

Back 49

Lateral Inhibition

Front 50

2. The process by which a neuron summates synaptic excitation and inhibition is called:
A.Plasticity
B.Integration
C.Convergence
D.Pulse frequency modulation
E.Disinhibition

Back 50

Integration

Front 51

3. The network motif that underlines circadian rhythm is:
A.Temporal summation
B.Spatial summation
C. Feedback inhibition
D Feedback excitation
E. D.Lateral inhibition

Back 51

Feedback inhibition

Front 52

4. An autoassociation network is important for:
A. Reflexes
B.Edge enhancement
C.Memory
D.Locomotion
E.Neuronal oscillations

Back 52

Memory

Front 53

Autism

Back 53

etiology
Pathophysiology
History
Physical Examination
Treatment

Hint 53

Etiology
Several genes appear to be involved in autism.

Pathophysiology
autism does not have a clear unifying mechanism at either the molecular, cellular, or systems level;

History
1943 Autism described as a condition 1944 asperger recognized

Physical Examination
three crucial areas of development — social interaction, language and behavior

To be diagnosed with autism, your child must have six or more of the following symptoms::::
Social skills
• Has difficulty with nonverbal behaviors, such as making eye contact, making facial expressions or using gestures
• Has difficulty forming friendships with peers and seems to prefer playing alone
• Doesn't share experiences or emotions with other people, such as sharing achievements or pointing out objects or other interests
• Appears unaware of others' feelings
Communication skills
• Doesn't speak or has delayed speech and doesn't make an attempt to communicate with gestures or miming
• Can't start a conversation or keep one going
• May repeat words or phrases verbatim, but doesn't understand how to use them
• Doesn't play make-believe or doesn't imitate the behavior of adults when playing
Behavior
• Develops interests in objects or topics that are abnormal in intensity, detail or focus
• Performs repetitive movements, such as rocking, spinning or hand-flapping
• Becomes disturbed at the slightest change in routines or rituals
• May be fascinated by parts of an object, such as the spinning wheels of a toy car

Treatment
maximize your child's ability to function by reducing autism symptoms and supporting development and learning. Your doctor can help identify resources in your area. Treatment options may include:

Front 54

Autism is characterized by

Autism spectral disorders (ASD) are associated with other medical conditions such as fragile X syndrome
A unique characteristic of Asperger syndrome is that
they might be intellectually gifted in a certain area

Back 54

-impaired communication skills,
-unusual behavior patterns, 
-poor social interactions

Front 55

Some of the symptoms of autism spectral disorder include:a tendency to say whatever is on their mind, regardless of whether it is appropriate or not, an inability to engage in the give-and-take of normal social conversation, an inability to share and take turns
The rate of recurrence of autism in siblings of autistic individuals is _10-60 grater than that of the general population.

Back 55

.

Front 56

Prenatal exposure to thalidomide is thought to be associated with developing autism.
Which component of certain vaccinations is hypothesized to contribute to autism?

Back 56

Thirmerosol

In general, the prognosis for a child with autism would be improved if they are diagnosed before __ years of age.

Hint 56

3 yoa

Front 57

depolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it =

Back 57

more positive

Front 58

Polar molecule means =

Back 58

negative end and or a seperate positive end.

polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.

Front 59

circadian rhythms
An example of =

Back 59

feedback inhibition