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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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ETOH
Once absorbed into the bloodstream. A small portion will be unmetabolized and excreted by =(10%) |
Sweat
Urine Breath Most will be broken down to = |
acetate (90%)
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1st Pass Metabolism
Men have higher level of ___ ___ than women |
alcohol dehydrogenase
men vs women Early metabolism translates to |
lower blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels
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Alcohol dehydrogenase
The enzyme is present at high levels in the ____ and the lining of the _____ |
liver
stomach |
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CH3CH2OH + NAD+ →
(ethanol) CH3CHO + NADH + H+ (acetaldehyde) |
2nd Pass Metabolism
Occurs in the Liver 1st liver enzyme--Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH)-----> Acetaldehyde 2nd liver enzyme--Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase----> Acetic Acid Disulfiram, a drug used to stop alcoholic addiction. |
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Alcohol is a blood thinner
Alcohol has a lower density than water This is why alcohol floats on top of water |
Consumption and absorption of alcohol will reduce the thickness of your blood.
Moderate consumption of alcohol (< 2 drinks per day) by adults can actually improve heart health by lessening the work required to pump blood Thinner blood is easier to pump. |
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But if consumed too much, it will damage the body.
BAC= 0.40 - 0.50 coma BAC= 0.60 death |
Alcohol’s effect on the body
Digestive system Irritant Impedes digestion (higher amount) Circulatory system Heartbeat & blood pressure little affected Vasodilator of surface vessels Body heat loss (hypothermia) |
Kidney:
- Increases urine output in the kidney Pituitary gland: - reduces the production of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) in the pituitary gland. White blood cells - Acute alcohol consumption such as binge drinking has a direct effect on WBC adherence to bacteria. |
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Alcohol’s effect on the body
Kidney: - Increases urine output in the kidney Pituitary gland: - reduces the production of = |
(vasopressin) in the pituitary gland.
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White blood cells
- Acute alcohol consumption such as binge drinking has a direct effect on WBC adherence to =. |
bacteria
- Eliminates liver production of = |
glucose (hypoglycemia)
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Brain (short term)
- deprived of glucose weakness, nervousness, sweaty headache, tremors hypoglycemia |
Liver (long-term)
- Fatty liver, cirrhosis |
Long-term abuse of ethanol gradually causes damage to, and death of, hepatocytes. This progressively reduces the livers function, causing excessive deposition of lipids in the liver because of reduced ability to produce and export VLDL. It also causes fibrosis and necrosis of these damaged areas, ultimately leading to cirrhosis, liver failure and death.
Many alcoholics also suffer secondary pancreatitis, which is extremely painful and may be lethal as well. |
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Hypoglycemia
Symptoms: Divided into two categories: |
1. Adrenergic
2. Neuroglycopenia |
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1. Adrenergic
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- anxiety, palpitation, tremor and sweating.
- Mediated by epinephrine -regulated by the hypothalamus in response to an -acute drop of blood glucose levels. |
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2. Neuroglycopenia
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- impaired brain function, causing
headache, confusion, slurred speech, seizure, coma death. - Results from a gradual decline in blood glucose (often below 40 mg/dl). |
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Glucoregulatory system =
2ct |
1. Glucagon and epinephrine
2. Cortisol and growth hormone |
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1. Glucagon and epinephrine
- most important in the = |
acute, short-term regulation of blood glucose levels.
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2. Cortisol and growth hormone
- less important in the shor-term regulation of = |
blood glucose levels,
but important for the long-term management of glucose metabolism. |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
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1. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
2. Postprandial hypoglycemia 3. Fasting hypoglycemia 4. Alcohol intoxication |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
1. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia |
- Often occurs in diabetic patients receiving insulin treatment.
- Most common form of hypoglycemia |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
2. Postprandial hypoglycemia |
- Caused by exaggerated insulin release.
- Second most common form of hypoglycemia |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
3. Fasting hypoglycemia |
- in patients with hepatocellular damage, adrenal insufficiency or in fasting individual who consume alcohol.
- Elevated insulin due to pancreatic -cell tumors |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
4. Alcohol intoxication |
.N/A
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Hormonal responses to low blood glucose +
= |
weak stimulation; ++ =
moderate stimulation; +++ = strong stimulation; 0 = no effect |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
1. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia - Often occurs in diabetic patients receiving insulin treatment. - Most common form of hypoglycemia |
Treatment:
- Conscious patients: oral administration of carbohydrates - Unconscious patients: subcuteneous or intramuscular injection of glucagon |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
2. Postprandial hypoglycemia - Caused by exaggerated insulin release. - Second most common form of hypoglycemia |
Treatment:
- Patients eat frequent small meals rather than 3 large meals a day. |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
1. 3. Fasting hypoglycemia |
- in patients with hepatocellular damage, adrenal insufficiency or in fasting individual who consume alcohol.
- Elevated insulin due to pancreatic -cell tumors Treatment: - Case by case. |
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Causes of hypoglycemia
4. Alcohol intoxication |
- An increase of NADH following alcohol consumption causes the intermediates of gluconeogenesis to be diverted to other pathways, which reduces glucose production.
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