Md2 Block 3 Ccbs First Exam Review Part B

Front 1

14. Know your respiratory brain centers:

Back 1

dorsal and ventral medullary group

pneumotaxic area in =

Hint 1

- Pons (brain stem)

Front 2

respiratory brain centers:

Brain stem =

Cortex =

Back 2

(Pons & Medulla) ; Main Centre

Voluntary control centre.

Front 3

The respiratory center (RC) is located in the

Back 3

medulla oblongata, which is the lower most part of the =

The RC receives controlling signals of neural, chemical and hormonal nature and controls the rate and depth.

Hint 3

brain stem

Front 4

The respiratory centersensors are located in the

Back 4

Chemoreceptors =

aortic bodies are responsible for detecting decrease in blood =

Hint 4

carotid bodies

pH

by carbon dioxide.

Front 5

Expiratory =

Back 5

Ventral Medulla
Antero- lateral part of medulla, about 5 mm anterior and lateral to dorsal respiratory group

Does What =

Nucleus ambiguous and nucleus retro ambiguous.

Hint 5

Function: It generally causes expiration but can causes either expiration or inspiration depending upon which neuron in the group are stimulated. It sends inhibitory impulse to the apneustic centre.

Front 6

Insperatory =

Location: Dorsal portion of medulla

Back 6

Dorsum of Medulla
Nucleus: Nucleus tractus solitarii

Function: =

Hint 6

causes inspiration while stimulated.

RAMP

length of inspiration

Front 7

pneumotastic =

Back 7

Upper Pons

Does What =

Hint 7

Coordinates Respirations

Front 8

types of brain herniation =
6ct

– big items for USMLE

Back 8

1.2 Central herniation
1.3 Cingulate herniation
1.4 Transcalvarial herniation
1.6 Tonsillar herniation
1.1 Uncal herniation
1.5 Upward herniation


most common conditions leading to brain herniation

Front 9

most common conditions leading to brain herniation =
3ct

Back 9

traumatic brain injury,
intracranial hemorrhage,
brain tumor

Front 10

a/Uncal transtentorial :

Back 10

Leads to
compression of arasympathetic fibers running with III CN (occulomotor)
causing an ipsilateral fixed and dilated pupil due to unopposed sympathetic tone

Front 11

Central transtentorial herniation -Less common
. Occurs with mid –line lesions in the

Back 11

front or occipital lobes, or in the vertex.
Most prominent symptoms are =

Hint 11

initial bilateral pinpoint pupils,
bilateral Babinski’s
increased muscle tone.

Front 12

Cerebellotonsillar herniation
. Occurs when the cerebellar tonsils =

Back 12

herniate through the foramen magnum.
. This may lead to

Hint 12

pinpoint pupils,
flaccid paralysis,
sudden death

Front 13

/ Upward transtentorial herniation
. Results from a posterior =

Back 13

fossa lesion

leads to a conjugate downward ______ with absence of vertical eye movements, and =

Hint 13

gaze

pinpoint pupils

Front 14

define gestational trophoblastic tumor

Back 14

pregnancy-related tumours.

trophoblasts and come from tissue that grows to form the placenta during pregnancy.

Hint 14

Hydatidiform moles are, in most cases, benign,

Front 15

choriocarcinoma-

Back 15

Hydatidiform moles are, in most cases, benign, but may, sometimes, develop into invasive moles, or, in rare cases, into choriocarcinoma, which is likely to spread quickly
but which is very sensitive to chemotherapy, and has a very good prognosis.

Front 16

types of hydatiform mole:

important USMLE

Back 16

a/Partial molar pregnancy:

b/Complete molar pregnancy:

Hint 16

There is an abnormal placenta and some fetal development.


There is an abnormal placenta but no fetus.