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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formula for Chi Squared and What its used for?
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Expected Frequency vs Observed Frequency
X^2= E(Oi-Ei)^2/Ei Oi = Observed Ei = Expected Once Chi Square is done, degrees of freedom may be calculated |
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Formula for T-Test and What its used for?
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Most elementary method for comparing two groups mean scores.
T-test assumes that the variables in the populations from which the samples are drawn are normally distributed. They also assume that they deviate equally from the mean. Numerator= difference between sample and population mean. Denominator is the estimate of the standard error of the mean. t= (Xbar - u) / Sm |
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Formula for Degrees of Freedom
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The number of scores in a particular test that are free to cary in value.
K = # of Categories being measured df = k - x If the calculated chi-square value equals or exceeds the value in the table, the difference in the observed are considered to be significant; if the calculated value is smaller, the results are insignificant. |
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Calculate expected frequency
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To calculate expected frequency: Multiply percentage of sales by 1000
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Calculate Observed Frequency
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Survey random sample of 1000 people
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Calculate Standard error of the mean
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Sm= square-root SS / n-1
SS= E(X-Xbar)2 |
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Commonly used independent T-Test
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t= xbar1-xbar2 / Sx-1 - Sx-2
Sx-1 - Sx-2 = squareroot (ss1+ss2/n1+n2-2)(1/n1+1/n2) |
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Define correlation
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measures of association- X variable and Y variable
Y could be the number of times newspaper is read X is the number of people in the house Plotted on scattergram Positive correlation- slopes up Negative correlation- slopes down No Relationship- All over Curvilinear- Up and Down |
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Define Unit of Analysis
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A unit of analysis is something that can be a single word or symbol, theme, or an entire article or story.
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Define Emergent Coding
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Categories after a preliminary examination of the data
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Define Priori Coding
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Categories are established before the data are collected
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Define Periodicity
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When the arrangement or order of items in the population list may bias the selection process
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Define Stratified Sample
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Adequate representation of a sub sample
Characteristics of a sub sample may include almost anything: Age, Gender, Religion, Income-level, or even individuals who listen to specific radio stations Drawn from a population of homogeneous subset (same characteristics) |
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Define Volunteer Sample
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People that willingly volunteer themselves to be included in a sample, there is a concern that results are bias because most people who do this tend to have a need for approval, arousal seeking, and lower levels of authoritarianism.
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