Mcmaster Relig2Nn3 Death And Dying Midterm

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Duncan MacDougall

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Weighed human beings before and after death to determine if the soul has a weight (1866-1920)

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Clifford Geertz

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Anthropologist and cultural theorist (1926-2006) who suggests that death is symbolic, entrenched in culture

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Cancer

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The leading cause of death in Canada

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238 000

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Number of people who died in Canada, 2009

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Ontario, Nunavut

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The province with the highest and lowest death rates, 2009, are ______ and ______ respectively

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death symbolism

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According to Frederic Tate, a lack of complex themes surround death in entertainment media represents an "impoverishment of ------ ------"

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Peter Berger and Anthony Giddens

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---- and ---- claim that death presents a problem of meaning for all societies

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meaningless

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Berger and Giddens stipulate that the problem of meaning surrounding death makes everyday life seem -----

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selfhood

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Because death is the end for everybody, it raises questions about _____

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mortality

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According to Berger and Giddens, societies attempt to avoid / deny basic fact of human _____ while trying to explain that fact in a meaningful way

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Berger

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According to ____, one key role of religion is to provide a sense of meaning while faced with a lack of meaning

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death, selfhood

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According to Berger, religion provides a framework in which to rationalize ---- and -----

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tame

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According to Phillip Aries, the ---- death was accepted as familiar, not feared, natural, non-personal / social with family involvement and community rituals; thought of as sleep

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status

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In many "traditional" societies, death is seen as a change of ----

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death of the self

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Introduced in the 11th century, and replacing the tame death by the 17th century, includes fear of dying; theories arise about separation of body and soul

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judeochristian

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Death of the self is seen as a mainly ------ concept

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Remote and Imminent death

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According to Aries, this concept frames death ambiguously in discourses around it's beauty and "untame"-ness; includes "fragile control over fear and frustration"

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Death of the other

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From the 18th-20th century, Aries theorizes that the self is removed from social / professional relationships - reflected by increase in memorial markers, photos and stories about the self

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Invisible Death

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Aries: The 20th and 21st centuries incorporate death into western society's preoccupation with medicalization; includes capitalistic funerary rituals (non-traditional, no community involvement)

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Death denied

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Another name for Invisible Death is --- ----

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Tony Walter

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Proposes an alternative theory to Philip Aries

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Tony Walter

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Sociologist; wrote The Revival of Death

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cultural responses to death

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Walter proposes a shift in ----- ----- ---- -----

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traditional death

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Walter: Death is quick and frequent, often children; community and religion are the sites of authority

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modern death

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Walter: Death is hidden, relegated to domain of the elderly; medicine has authority

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neo-modern death

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Walter: Death is prolonged; private becomes public, and the authority moves to the self (hospica and palliative options)

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ignoring

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Aries says that we are ----- death

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cult of individualism

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Walter says that we are confronting death through a "---- --- -----"

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Thanaysco

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Greek for "to die / dying"

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Atapuerca

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Site of ancient funerary rituals

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300 000

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Age of bones in "chimney" discovered in Atapuerca, Northern Spain: ----- years

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Sima de los huesos

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Name of the "mortuary" site found in Atapuerca meaning "pit of bones"

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red, fetal

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In upper paleolithic burial ruins, bodies were found painted --- to signify blood, and placed in a ---- position

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2 people

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The shipluiden represents a burial site with --- ---

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Lovers of Valdero

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2007 burial find near Manchua

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Burial of Teviec

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Brittany France, 2 women found buried under antlers; shell necklaces; elaborate funeral

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ecological orientation of death

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One "traditional" cause of death: emphasis on personal responsibility (ie. not getting enough sleep)

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socioeconomic

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Cause of death related to class and status

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psychosocial

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Cause of death considered related to anger, social behavious, jealousy

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supernatural

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Cause of death related to angry spirits

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Senufo Festival

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Death celebration in Cote D'Ivoire

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balance

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In Cote D'Ivoire, death caused by "lack of ---"

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community

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In many traditional cultures the ---- maintains relationship with the dead, considering them part of the "clan"

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ancestor worship

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Term for reverence of the dead, seen as role-models, "personal gods"

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shaman

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Visionary / intermediary; common amongst Balinese people

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necromancy

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Act of contacting the dead through shamanistic rituals; bring back messages (dead not bound by time)

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tame death

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The 5th to the 16th century exemplify Aries's notion of the ---- ----

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invisible death

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Attitudes around death after WWI exemplify Aries's notion of the ---- -----

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soul

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In the 12th century, images of the deathbed scene emphasize the ---- (ie. angels and demons battling)

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christianity

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Idea of the martyr / saint more prevalent in burial customs with middle-age rise of ----

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charnel house

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Burial site near where exhumed bones are stored; near a churchyard

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Ossuary

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A building where remains are stored instead of a grave (no exhumation)

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Catacomb

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Underground communal burial site

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12th

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the --- century saw the emergence of grave markers and effigies

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18th

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the --- century saw the introduction of more practical tombs; less candles / flowers

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effigies

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---- are pictoral memorials not used for common people

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Ankou

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In La Feuillee, Brittany, the term for their "grim reaper" figure

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Youdik

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The name for the entrance to hell in La Feuillee

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La fete des morts

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Nov 1& 2 festival in La Feuillee

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Jubilee des morts

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The name of the secondary burial festival in La Feuillee

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Veatch

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His definition of death includes people, as well as culture, social groups, ideas, metaphors and symbols

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Veatch

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"Death means a complete change in the status of a living entity characterized by the irreversible loss of those characteristics that are essential to it"

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bodily fluids, soul, bodily integration, social integration

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Veatch's definition of death includes: irreversible loss of ---- ---, ----, ---- ----, and ---- ----

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Centropic capacity

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Jay Rosenberg: refers to the body not able to do anything; refers to physiological and regulatory functions of body (ie. central nervous system)

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social integration

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Loss of ---- ---- also refers to loss of soul integration, capacity for consciousness

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Harvard Criteria

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Defines death as lack of receptivity to stimuli, absence of spontaneous muscle / breathing, no reflexes and absence of brain activity (EEG)

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uniform determination of death

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Presidential committee after 1968 Harvard study came up with the --- --- --- --- --- act

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circulatory, respiratory functions, brain function

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Uniform Determination of Death Act includes irreversible cessation of ---- and ---- ----, OR irreversible cessation of ---- ----

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Neurological determination of death

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In Canada, we use a ---- ---- --- ----- standard (not uniformly)

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neurological determination of death

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Includes irreversible loss of capacity for consciousness; irreversible loss of brainstem function (based on breathing and blood flow, not brain function)

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biomedicine

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---- creates discourse around death

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cellular death

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The progressive breakdown of metabolic processes

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medulla

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After 8 minutes of no oxygen, the --- is destroyed

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biomedicine

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---- necessitates changing the definition of death

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algor mortis, livor mortis, rigor mortis, eye reflexes

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Advanced signs of death include --- ----, --- ---, --- --- and --- ---

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1941

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In ---- physician assisted suicide is legalized in Switzerland

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luxemburg, belgium, netherlands, switzerland, oregon, washington, montana

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P.A.S. is legal in ----, ----, ----, ----, ----, ---- and ----

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69

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Though the majority of Canadians say they want to die at home, ---- % will die in hospital

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Nancy Scheper-Hughes

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She writes about the mistrust towards institutions beside more $ spent on end-of-life care; death in America as a "treatable condition"

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untreated infections, respiratory ailments, gradual malnutrition

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According to Scheper-Hughes, death in Cloghane is still considered "natural" with people dying of ----- -----, ---- ----, and ---- ----

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ideology of rescue

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Helen Stanton Chapple writes about the "---- -- ----", saying that "death should happen with as little dying as possible"

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Ideology of rescue

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Doctor as a "hero"; heroic rescue and destabilization, veneration of technology; death viewed as "socially contaminating"

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ritual of intensification

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Caused by clinicians under burden of enacting "life-death transitions on behalf of larger culture"

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Kauffman

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Writes about "Time & Death in the ICU" as a "place of last chances"

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grey zone

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Kauffman writes about the ICU transition period as the "--- ---"

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Nancy Scheper-Hughes

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Writes about "vulture capitalism" and the nursing home as a site of "institutionalized destruction of personhood"

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ideology of rescue

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Kauffman writes about the ICU as a place powered by the --- -- ---

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2

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The average stay in a hospice is ---- months

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40

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In the US --- % of deaths by illness occurred in hospice care

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Fabiola

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4th century disciple of Saint Jerome in the Holy Land

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hospitium

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Latin word meaning "a place that receives guests"

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75, montreal, winnipeg

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First Canadian hospices opened in 19--, in the cities of --- and ---

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80

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According to the movie Life Before Death, ---% of all people will die in "needless pain"

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Cicely Saunders

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Founded hospice in 1967, England; founder of the modern hospice movement

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western death bed scene

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Hospice care offers a return to the ---- ---- ---- ---- motif

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Oregon

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First state to legalize PAS in 1994

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compassion and choices

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Advocacy group in Oregon for death with dignity

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Seconal

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Inexpensive version of nebutol for PAS

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Hemlock society

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The name of the group taken over by Compassion and Choices; founded in the 1970s; laws around "self deliverance"

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2008

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In Washington, PAS is legalized in ---

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Jack Kavorkian

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Helped with 130 deaths, imprisoned for administering to one patient

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active euthanasia

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Decisive, lethal injection / carbon monoxide

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passive euthanasia

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Withheld treatment causing death

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destruction of life unworthy of life

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Vernichtun Lebensunwerten Lebens translates as; refers to Nazi euthanasia program

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Aktion T4

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Name of the euthanasia program in Nazi germany

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Karl Brandt

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Hitler's physician, founder of Aktion T4

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200 000

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Between 1939 and 1945, ---- people were euthanized under Aktion T4

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Harry Haiselden

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Founder of Eugenics

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Sue Rodriguez

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Lost 1992 court action for PAS; died in 1994; had ALS

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Kay Carter

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Vancouver resident; 10th Canadian to die at Dignitas; had spinal stenosis

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Gloria Taylor

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In 2012, BC supreme court granted an exemption to her; died Oct 2012 of infection; had ALS

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religion, medicine

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The ---- ---- separates concepts of --- and ---

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Ruth Goodman

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Independent, healthy senior concerned with becoming dependent on others

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altruistic

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Ruth Goodman's suicide could be considered an ----- suicide, in sociological terms

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aboriginal, LGBTQ groups, youth

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Groups most at risk for suicide are ----, ---- ---- and ----

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13, 10, 4

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Suicide is the ---- leading cause of death worldwide and --- in developed countries; the --- leading cause amongst youth 15-24

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900, 3000

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In Canada, 2009, --- women in Canada committed suicide and --- men

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45-49, 85-89

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The age group with the highest suicide rate amongst women is ----; men is -----

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3, 1

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For every --- females who attempt suicide, --- man succeeds

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80

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----% of suicides in the US are men

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black women

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--- ---- have the lowest rate of suicide in the US

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85, 90

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According to the film The Choice of a Lifetime, ----% of people have considered suicide, and ---- of those who attempt suicide wake up

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reunion, rest and refuge, revenge, penalty for failure, mistake

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Reasons for suicide are often categorized as:

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Emile Durkheim

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Developed sociological categories / reasons for suicide

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egotistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic

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4 Sociological theories of suicide

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anomic

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Suicide caused by breakdown of social systems, loss os spouse / social status

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Freud

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According to -----, early criticism / rejection in childhood increases risk of suicide later in life / desire to die

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final pilgrimage

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After suicide, survivors can go on "--- ---" to reclaim public space as a "private symbolic symbol"

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Gerhard Herbert

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The first victim of Aktion T4

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Hippocrates

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460-370 BC Greek physician

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Pain control

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The 5th vital sign now monitored by clinicians

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palliate

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Word meaning "to lessen pain"

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egotistic suicide

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Sociological perspective: suicide caused by extreme individualism, no connection to society / culture

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reunion

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Rationale for suicide exhibited by those not independent, self-actualized, co-dependent, "childlike"