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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cultural Studies |
Cultural studies seeks to understand the ways in which meaning is generated, disseminated, and produced through various practices, beliefs, institutions, and political, economic or social structures within a given culture. |
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The Frankfurt School |
-Richard Hoggart, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall
-Criticized the commercialization of media -'commercial roots of cultural debasement' -What commercial media does to the working class (victims of mass culture and the villain of the story) -Media Criticisms started in the mid 19th century -Frankfurt school came mid 20th century -They aimed at saving the people who were always blamed for the 'low quality or low taste of media content' -More radical and populist cultural theory |
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Themes of Media-Cultural Theory |
1)Quality of Mass Culture 2)Nature of Popular Culture 3)Political Economy and Culture 4)Globalization 5) Identity 6) Gender 7) Ideology |
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Critical Theory |
‘critical theory’ origins- the work of a group of a post 1933 émigré scholars from the Marxist School of Applied Social Research in Frankfurt
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False Consciousness |
False consciousness is a term used by some Marxists for the way in which material, ideological and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead members of the proletariat.
False consciousness often results in obscuration of the real structure in society and our subordination in it |
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Commodity |
the main instrument of the process of creating false consciousness Marx notes that objects are commodified by acquiring an exchange value instead of having merely an intrinsic use value. Similarly cultural products like images, ideas, and symbols are produced and sold in media markets as commodities They can be exchanged by audience for psychological satisfaction, amusement, and illusory notion of our place in the world. This results in false consciousness. |
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Critical Cultural Theory |
Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the uni of Birmingham 1970s Stuart Hall Continuation of the study of ideology in media culture Turn the concern from ideology embedded in media texts to readers interpretation of ideological messages Model of encoding-decoding media discourse |
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Stuart Hall |
-Cultural Theorist -Critical Cultural Theory -Encoding-Decoding |
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Transmission Model of Gender |
-Constructions of femininity and masculinity in media -Media provides guides and examples of general behavior- we decode these messages -Media studies have been gender-blind for a long time -Under representations of women and stereotyping -Pornographic media content as degrading -Stimulus for rape and violence -Always connected to social class and race -Freudian psychoanalytic theory -Role of gender in positioning the spectator in relation to images of male and female -Patriarchal society- place of women in society |
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Culturalist Model |
Gender as discourse 'a set of overlapping, and sometimes contradictory cultural descriptions and prescriptions referring to sexual difference' -Active constructions of meanings and identities by readers of media texts |
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Commercialization |
-Free market arrangement -Indicate certain media content- mass produced and marked as a commodity -Content is produced for more entertainment and amusement -More superficial, undemanding and conformist -More derivative and standardized -Associated with decline in quality for newspapers -Competition for markets and audiences -Tabularization of newspapers- reality television in TV -Human interests and dramatic topics in a variety of formats -Infotainment |
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Medium Theory |
soft determination and the bias of each medium, toward particular kinds of content, uses, and effects |
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Toronto School |
Describes a body of work mainly derived from the theories of Marshall McLuhan and in turn derived from an earlier scholar at the University of Toronto, the economic historian Harold Innis. At the core is a form of communication technology determinism that attributes distinctive social and cultural effects to the dominant form and vehicle of communication, independent of actual content |
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Medium |
-An applied technology for transmitting content -linking participants in some exchange -it embodies set of social relations that interact with features of the new technology -Theory should change if there is a shift in 'dominant structures of taste and feeling' |
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Digitalization |
The process by which each text can be reduced to binary code that can share the same process of production, distribution and storage
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Convergence |
Between all existing media forms in terms of their organization, distribution, reception & regulation
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Allocution |
Latin word for the address by a Roman general to assembled troops Info is distributed from center to many peripheral recievers Broadcasting Receivers are physically present Little feedback Time is determined by the sender |
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Conversation and Exchange |
-Direct interaction among individuals -Bypassing a center or an intermediary -Choose the partner and topic -choice of time and place -parties are equal in the exchange |
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Consultation |
Situations in which an individual in the periphery looks for information at a central store of info
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Registration |
A center request and receives information from participants at the periphery System of surveillance
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Virtual Community |
Internet can enable any number of individuals to interact and to form virtual community
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Cyber-liberatarianism |
an approach to politics based on consumer market model
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Communitarian |
approach that expects the benefits to come from a greater grassroots participation
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Deliberative Democracy |
made possible by improved technology enabling interaction and exchange of ideas in the public sphere
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Technologies of freedom |
This notion developed by Ithiel de Sola Pool (1983) in celebration of electronic means of communication- an escape from censorship and regulation by govs Internet and its early lack of structure, organization and management
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Normative Theory |
Ideas of right and responsibility that underline these expectations of benefit from the media to individuals and society. |
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Public interest (as defined by Blumler suggest 1998) |
Media power should be equivalent to its service to the public..
Power of the media should be used in “legitimate way” = responsibility Longer term perspective Public interest is done- in ‘imperfect & impure world’. This introduces ‘compromises, tensions and improvisation’ |
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Fourth Estate |
The role of journalism in the political process ‘Fourth Estate’ coined by Edmund Burke -late 19th centuryIn reference to power held by the press compared to the three other ‘estates’ of power in the British system
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Social Responsibility |
Provide ‘full, truthful, comprehensive, and intelligent accounts of the day event—with meaningful context’
SR is achieved by self-control & not through governmental intervention |
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Public Trust |
“Inseparable from the right of the press to be free has been the right of the people to have a free press” (Hocking 1947)
“public interest” advanced and became seen as the “right of the people to have an adequate press” |
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"international principles of professional ethics in journalism" (UNESCO) |
“right to information” and the need to respect different cultures and religions.
Journalism should promote Universal values, human rights, peace national liberation, social progress & democracy |
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Public Service Broadcasting |
US- Minority networks financed by viewers and listeners ‘voluntarily and choosing to pursue certain cultural goals’
UK- A system that is set up by law financed by public funds (often compulsory license paid by households)Given a large degree of editorial and operating independence a founding charter or mission public financing to some degree Independence from government mechanisms of accountability to the general public Mechanisms of accountability to the audience GOALS- Universality of geographic coverage (reception and transmission)Diversity of catering for all tastes, interests, needs and full range of opinions Providing for special minorities Care for national culture, language & identity Serving the needs of the political systemBalanced and important coverage on issues of conflict Quality as defined in different ways Putting public Interest before financial goals |
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Public Sphere |
“a virtual or imaginary community which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space”It is "made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state" (176)Ideally the public sphere is ‘the source of public opinion needed to "legitimate authority in any functioning democracy"
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