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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Observation |
use of demonstration as a way of conveying info about how to perform a skill |
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Mirror neurons |
neurons that fire during observation and action (first found in monkeys) |
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Evidence of Mirror Neurons in Humans |
FMRI- overlap between cortical areas being activated during action and observation TMS-when observing, same neurons were firing used to do the action -suggests we may be laying down the neural pathway to execute it |
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Human Mirror Neurons Consist of: |
Ventral Motor Areas Inferior Parietal Areas |
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How does observation compare to physical practice |
observation helps us learn -in practice observation is just as good as pp -in transfer the combo does better than just pp |
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Why do we Observe? |
Skill Function: learn info for skill execution Performance Function: to achieve optimal mental functioning Strategy Function: to develop and execute plays |
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Who Should we Observe? (2 model types) Skilled Model |
-flawless performance Assumption: by watching a skilled performer you'll create proper memory representation and use to do error correction/detection |
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Who Should we Observe? Unskilled Model |
-imperfect execution or progression over time Assumption: you'll see trial and error and use it to do error correction/detection - you'll see how NOT to do it |
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Mastery Model (another observation model) |
skilled performance and verbal statements of confidence, success, and competence |
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Coping Model (another observation model) |
progression from unskilled to skilled and verbal statements progress too |
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When is the Mastery Model best used? |
when wanting to improve the skill |
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When is the Coping Model best used? |
when the person can do the skill but lacks confidence |
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Self as a Model Techniques |
Self Observation: video replay + Self Review: only watch your success Feedforward self-modelling: watch yourself accomplish a task you cant do yet |
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Definition of Motor Behaviour |
how motor skills are learned, controlled, and developed |
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Definition og Neurophysiology |
neural activities that lead to observed behaviour |
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Measuring Motor Behaviour: Temporal and Spatial Resolution |
Temporal= precision of measurement with respect to time Spatial= precision of measurement with respect to size of features that can be detected/distinguished |
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
-reads the electrical potential that neurons create when they activate and fire -electrodes placed on scalp -signals look confusing and hard to read because body constantly has an electrical current through it- so background EEG signal can be removed |
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EEG Summary |
Quantity measured: electrical potential on scalp Temp: ms- good at recording fast events (RT) Spat: cm- not good, wide range-hard to determine exactly where Cost: cheap Pros: easy to record, safe Cons: signals are smeared before they reach the scalp |
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
-measurement of magnetic fields of brain -shows activity but not where so often combined with MRI to identify the regions |
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MEG Summary |
Quantity: magnetic field created by activated neurons Temp: ms Spat: cm-better then EEG but still not great Cost: expensive, have to keep squid cold Pros: clean signals Cons: cost |
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Functional Resonance Imaging (FMRI) |
-sees where activity is specifically happening -neurons become more active and O2 levels in blood increase -H2O molecs are forced into allignment, when they try to go back, they spin together and create a strong signal |
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FMRI Summary |
Quantity: ratio between O2 and deoxyhemoglobin (BOLD Response) Knowledge: activated areas Temp: sec- low- not good for fast things Spat: mm-good, where specifically in the brain is activating Cost: expensive Pros: 3D resolution Cons:low temporal resolution and no straight forward analysis |
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Difference Between MRI and FMRI |
MRI- studies brain anatomy FMRI- studies brain functioning |
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Single Unit Recordings |
-electrodes places directly into brain and targets specific neurons that activate for that movement - computers decode the patter and translate it to a robo arm |
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Single Unit Summary |
Quantity: single neuron activity Temp: ms Spat: um Cost: expensive Pros: cleanest signals Cons: requires training |
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Affordance |
how qualities of the environment or objects, that influence how you interact with them -based off visual cues |
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Good design makes it... |
intuitive for the person to interact with it |
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Spatial Compatibility Definition |
Situation where the selection if a response is directly related to the position of the related stimulus -sometimes what is actually more compatible, isn't the most preferred |
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The Stroop Effect Definition |
A demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task |
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End State Comfort Effect |
tendency to use an uncomfortable starting state in order to end up with a comfortable end state |
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Neural Evidence of Affordance |
-blobs of coulour=no affordances, objects with handles=afforance -motor cortex associated with left hand lights up when objects that afforded to grab with left hand and visa versa |
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Coordination Definition |
how movements and actions interact with themselves and other movements |
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Speed Accuracy Tradeoff |
the faster you move, the less accurate you will be |
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Fitt's Law Definition |
Faster to hit large targets closer together than small targets farther away (ratio between distance and width of target) |
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Index of Difficulty |
ratio between width and distance |
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Effective Target Size |
ET W is small when moving slow- cant take time to make sure you'll hit it ET W is larger when moving faster or further distance |
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Impulse Variability |
variability in force production increases with increasing force -60% can do 50,65, 70 -but with 100 you just go all out so less variability |
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Automatic Grip Aperture (coordinating position of body parts, firing pattern of muscles, and actual grip) |
beginning-aperture is small going towards object it increases grabbed it, aperture decreases but still larger than when no object |
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Hand-Eye Coordination |
able to maintain eyes on target even if head is moving in different directions -cant be voluntary |
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what system protects the eyes from the movement of the head during hand-eye coordination? |
Vestibular system- reflexive response: when head moves, tenses eye muscles and corrects eyes to counteract movement of the head |
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Bimanual Coordination |
Anti-phase=tandem In-phase=opposed |
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Which bimanual coordination phase is more preferred? |
In-phase |
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Motor Homunculus |
sensitivity of the cortex for each area of the body (more neurons responsible for hands vs. legs cuz of finer movements) |
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Action potential |
firing of neurons cause big enough change to open the channels and increase the charge in the mne |
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Refractory Period |
immediately after stimulation when neurons and muscles are unresponsive to other stimulation |
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Subcortex Includes: |
Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Brain Stem |
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thalamus |
relays information |
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basal ganglia |
initiation and inhibition of movements |
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cerebellum |
timing and coordination |
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What makes up a motor unit? |
cell body, dendrites, axon, and muscle fibers ( motor nerve and all muscle fibers) |
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Innervation Ratio |
# of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor unit -fine movements=smaller ratio -gross movement=bigger ratio more muscle fibers innervated by single motor neuron- less fine control you have |
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The Motor Pathway |
motor cortex corticospinal tract spinal motor neurons peripheral nerve muscle |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) (neural stimulation technique) |
-powerful electrical discharge creates intense magnetic field underneith the stim site -measures cortical and spinal excitability -more neurons firing=bigger response |
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Motor Evoked Potential (MEP) |
indicates level of excitability within the corticospinal pathway -occurs after TMS is given - MEP neuroelectrical signals |
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H-Reflex |
a monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve with an electrical shock - the size of the H-wave indicates level of excitability in spinal pathway |
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Transmastoid Stimulation Produces: (neural stimulation techniques) |
a short latency period called the cervicomedullary motor evoked potential (CMEP) -electrical stimulation-may be painful |
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Which is best? H-reflex or transmastoid stimulation? |
transmastoid stimulation- most direct measure of motor neuron excitability |
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Types of TMS |
Single Pulse Paired Pulse |
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Single Pulse TMS |
can target different areas of the body by just moving the coil |
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Paired Pulse TMS |
low intensity conditioning pulse can activate inhibitory or facilitory interneurons depending on latency prior to the pulse short inter-stim interval (<5)=inhibition of MEP Longer inter-stim interval(>12)= facilitation of MEP |
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Transcranial Direct Stimulation (tDCS) (Neural stim techniques) |
scalp electrodes places over region of the brain you're trying to up/down regulate -not very precise Anodal(+): increases excitability Cathodal(-): decreases excitability |
