Mcg 1St Year-Tissue/musculoskeletal I

Front 1

primitive streak

Back 1

1st morphological marker of craniocaudal axis
results from proliferation & migration of cells
cranial end proliferates to form prim. node

Front 2

primitive groove

Back 2

depression in middle of primitive streak
where cells migrate through epiblast
1st cells to ingress- endoderm
later ingressing cells- mesoderm
ectoderm-noningressing cells

Front 3

movement/fate of cells in epiblast

Back 3

differentiation occurs at time of ingression
position/timing of ingression directly affects developmental cell fate

Front 4

node

Back 4

can induce whole body
secretes gene products which dorsalize the ectoderm/mesoderm
node is necessary for notochord and neurulation

Front 5

notochord

Back 5

mesoderm derived
transient structure defines body axis
defines our phylum
provides rigidity to embryo/signaling center
precursor for axial skeleton

Front 6

Formation of notochord

Back 6

cells that initially migrate through the node give rise to the notochord process (hollow tube)
notochordal plate cells proliferate and detach from endoderm-> definitive notochord
elongates and develops cranially-to-caudally
lies under neural tube
responsible for induction of vertebral bodies
at either end of the notochord depressions develop

Front 7

Notochord depressions

Back 7

ectoderm in these depressions fuses tightly with underlying endoderm
cranial-> buccopharyngeal membrane
caudal-> cloacalmembrane

Front 8

Neurulation

Back 8

dorsal ectoderm-> neural ectoderm-> cells become columnar, neural plate
lateral edges elevated-> neural folds
mid region depressed-> neural groove
neural folds migrate towards each other-> neural tube
detaches from overlying ectoderm

Front 9

Sonic Hedgehog

Back 9

Secreted by the notochord
specify cell fate
dorsal-> sensory
ventral-> motor neurons

Front 10

Neural crest cells

Back 10

dorsal most part of NT gives rise to the neural crest following DV specification
migrate throughout body

Front 11

4 neural crest cell regions

Back 11

cranial
cardiac
vagal/sacral
trunk

Front 12

Cranial neural crest

Back 12

migrate dorsoventrally produce craniofacial mesenchyme-> diff. into cartilage/bone/neurons/glia & connective tissue of face
some enter pharyngeal arches->thymus, tooth primordia, & middle ear/jaw bones

Front 13

cardiac neural crest

Back 13

give rise to outflow tract septum (separating pulmonary/aortic circulations) and smooth muscle around large arteries arising from heart

Front 14

vagal/sacral neural crest

Back 14

parasympathetic ganglia of gut

Front 15

trunk neural crest

Back 15

dorsolateral migrating trunk NC-> melanocytes
ventrolateral migrating trunk NC (through anterior somite)-> dorsal root ganglia/nerves

Front 16

5 types of mesoderm

Back 16

chordomesoderm (notochord)
intermediate mesoderm (kidney, gonads)
head mesenchyme
paraxial meosderm (headm somite)
lateral plate mesoderm (circ, sys., body cavity, extraembryonic)

Front 17

paraxial mesoderm

Back 17

unsegmented-> somitomeress
first formed in a craniocaudal sequence
differentiate to form sclerotome and dermamyotome

Front 18

intermediate mesoderm

Back 18

differentiate into urogenital structures and gonads
segmental in cervical/thoracic regions

Front 19

lateral plate mesoderm

Back 19

visceral mesoderm + ecto-> gut wall, + thin serous mem around each organ
in yolk sac-> blood islands
parietal meso + ecto->body walls

Front 20

Trapezius

Back 20

fxn- elevation, depression, retraction, rotation of shoulder
spinal accessory nerve/cranial nerve XI
superficial
origin-occiput, cervical & thoracic spinous process
insertion-scapular spine, acromino laterial 1/3 clavicle

Front 21

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 21

fxn-adduction, extension, and medial rotation of arm
superficial
origin- lower thoracic spinous processes and iliac crests
insertion-proximal part of shaft of humerus
thoracodorsal nerve (branch brachial plexus)

Front 22

Rhomboid Major & MInor

Back 22

Superficial
fxn-retraction and downward rotation of scapula
dorsal scapular nerve
origin-cervical and upper thoracic vertebral spines
insertion-medial border of scapula

Front 23

Levator scapulae

Back 23

superficial
fxn- elevation and downward rotation of scapula
origin-transverse processes of C1-C4
insertion- upper medial border of scapula

Front 24

Serratus Posterior Superior

Back 24

Intermediate extrinsic
insert in ribs, minimal aid in respiration
under rhomboid

Front 25

Serratus posterior inferior

Back 25

attach to ribs, aid in respiration (minimal)
under latissimus

Front 26

Splenius capitis & cervicis

Back 26

intrinsic
origin- ligamentum nuchae (deep to trapezius)
insertion-base of skull
fxn: unilateral-> turns head same side
bilateral-> extension of head

Front 27

Erector Spinae

Back 27

fxn- initiate lateral bending and stabilize VC against flexion by abdominal muscles

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Front 28

Iliocostalis

Back 28

outermost erector spinae muscle
origin-thoracic region
insert- ribs, does not extend to skull

Front 29

Longissimus

Back 29

middle erector spinae muscle
extend length of VC
insertion- mastoid process

Front 30

Spinalis

Back 30

innermost erector spinae
origin- thoracic region
insertion- across spinous process

Front 31

Semispinalis

Back 31

transversospinalis
origin- extends from lower 6 thoracic vertebrae
insertion- base of skull
largest muscle mass in neck
fxn: unilateral-> turns opposite way
bilateral->contraction extends head

Front 32

Multifundus

Back 32

Transverospinalis
runs entire length of VC, most massive in lumbar region
fxn- stabilizes vertebrae during local movements

Front 33

Epithelia

Back 33

boundary
cellular
continuous
avascular
polar
stem cells
attach to basal lamina

Front 34

Stratified columnar

Back 34

non-cornified: retain nuclei (vagina, gingiva)
cornified/keratinized:-no nuclei, dry

Front 35

Transitional epithelium

Back 35

if distened-> flatten out
surface area amplified by accordion-like folding of apical membrane

Front 36

Microvilli

Back 36

actin based
densely packed
shorter than cilia, uniform
increase SA

Front 37

Stereocilia

Back 37

actin based
very long microvilli
not as dense

Front 38

Cilia

Back 38

tubulin based (9 + 2 arrangement)
short
motile appendages

Front 39

Tight/ occulating junction

Back 39

key to semi-permiable fxn
prevent passage btwn cells and diffusion
branching network of sealing strands completely encircles apical-lateral boundary, shared with adjacent cell
rows of transmembrane proteins-extracellular domains interacting tightly
claudin and occludin

Front 40

Adherens junctions

Back 40

anchoring junction
actin-based
continuous belt below tight junction
cadherin
extracellular domain bind each other (Ca dep.)
intracellular-cad binds actin -> links to cytoskeletal network
can contract-> promotes invagination

Front 41

Desmosome

Back 41

anchoring junction
intermediate filament based
button-like pointss
cadherin
plaque of add. proteins coat cad. intracellular domain
link keratins
resistance to shear stress

Front 42

Gap junctions

Back 42

communicating junction
connexins, 6 congregate ->aqueous channel
alignment of 2 channels-> provides passage of small mol (<1000 mw) ions
Ca2+ reg.

Front 43

Hemidesmosome

Back 43

connects to basal surface
integrin (transmembrane protein) binds laminin (ex.matrix protein)
link via keratin
fxn: cable re-enforced sspot welds to basal

Front 44

Focal adhesion

Back 44

connect to basal surface
integrins
connect to actin
can be dissolved and reformed rapidly
best-developed in myo-tendonous junctions

Front 45

Cerebral hemispheres

Back 45

location of higher centers, perceptions
CN1 (olfactory)

Front 46

Diencephalon (thalamus)

Back 46

location of motor and sensory relay nuclei
CN II (optic)

Front 47

Midbrain

Back 47

location of pathways
CN III (oculomotor-eye muscles)
CN IV (trochlear)

Front 48

Pons

Back 48

location of pathways especially to cerebellum
CN V (Trigeminal-mastication)
CN VI (Abducens)
CN VII (Facial)
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear)

Front 49

Cerebellum

Back 49

little brain
involved in coordination of muscle movement and balance

Front 50

Medulla

Back 50

location of pathways
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
CN XII (Hypoglossal-tounge)

Front 51

CN I

Back 51

Olfactory
special sense of smell
CNS tract

Front 52

CN II

Back 52

Optic
special sense of vision
CNS tract

Front 53

CN III

Back 53

Oculomotor
motor to some intrinsic (smooth) and most extrinsic (skeletal) EYE muscles

Front 54

CN IV

Back 54

Trochlear
motor to one extraocular eye muscle (superior oblique)

Front 55

CN V

Back 55

Trigeminal
having three main divisions
great sensory innervation to the face and motor supply to the muscles of mastication

Front 56

CN VI

Back 56

Abducens
motor to one extraocular eye muscle (lateral rectus)

Front 57

CN VII

Back 57

Facial
motor to the muscles of facial expression, taste from the tounge

Front 58

CN VIII

Back 58

Vestibulocochlear
special senses of balance and hearing

Front 59

CN IX

Back 59

Glossssopharyngeal
motor and sensory to pharynx and sensory to tounge

Front 60

CN X

Back 60

Vagus
the "wanderer"
motor and sensory to the viscera of pharynx, larynx, thoracic cavity and much of the abdominal cavity

Front 61

CN XI

Back 61

Spinal accessory nerve
arises from upper spinal cord to supply sternocleidomastoid and trapezius supply

Front 62

CN XII

Back 62

Hypoglossal
motor to the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tounge

Front 63

Gray matter

Back 63

CNS
Concentration of neuron cell bodies

Front 64

White matter

Back 64

myelinated axons
CNS

Front 65

Nucleus

Back 65

CNS
functionally organized aggregation of neuronal cell bodies (in Gray matter)

Front 66

Tract/Fasciculus

Back 66

CNS
bundle of functionally related axons
in white matter

Front 67

Funiculus/Peduncle/ Column

Back 67

group of several tracts in the CNS
in white matter

Front 68

Ganglion

Back 68

PNS
functionally organized aggregation of neuron cell bodies (sensory, DRG, autonomic)

Front 69

Root->Nerve-> Rami

Back 69

bundle of axons in the PNSS

Front 70

Motor Unit

Back 70

single neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates

Front 71

Vitamin A/ Retinol

Back 71

Fat soluble
D: Night blindness (nyctalopia)-> blindness and xerophthalmia, hyperkeratinization of skin, reduced ability to fight infection
T: papilledema, cirrhotic liver, bony hyperostosis, incr. intracanial pressure-> headache

Front 72

Vit. D

Back 72

Fat soluble
D: Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adultss
T: nausea, thirst, loss of appetite, stupor, hypercalcemia

Front 73

Vitamin K

Back 73

Fat soluble
D: hypothrombinemia-dec. ability to clot blood
newborns prone to it

Front 74

Ascorbate/ Vit. C

Back 74

water soluble
D: scurvy-fatigue, anemia, loose teeth, spongy and bleeding gums, swollen joints
bone defect-> failure in osteoid matrix formation

Front 75

Biotin/Vitamin H

Back 75

Water soluble
D: hypotonia, not common, dev. delay, hair loss and skin rash

Front 76

Thiamin/ B1

Back 76

water soluble
D: common in alcoholics and ppl from Far East (overcooking food and raw fish)
Dry Beriberi- older adults, neuro symptoms-> deg. of sensory and motor
Wet Beriberi- vascular symptoms -> edema and heart failure
Infantile beriberi- in breastfed infants of mothers with thiamin def -> lethal, heart failure
Wernicke-Korsakoff: chronic alcoholism and hypermesis -> apathy, mem. loss, rhythmical to and fro motion of eyeballs

Front 77

Niacin/B3

Back 77

water soluble
D: pellagra-> diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis (rough, scaly skin-> skin exposed areas)-> death
seen in alcoholics and those w/ Hartnup and carcinoid

Front 78

Pyridoxine/B6

Back 78

water soluble
D: decr. production of neurotransmitters-> depression, confusion, and some convulsions
T: difficulty walking, tightening in legs and foot soles

Front 79

Folic Acid/ B9

Back 79

water soluble
D: most common in US, megaloblastic anemia, growth failure, fatigue, acne, sore tongue
during pregnancy-> NTD

Front 80

Cobalamin/B12

Back 80

water soluble
D: rare, megaloblastic anemia (seen in vegans) -> neurological problems
caused by Crohn's or removal of ileum