Mcdb Ucla Lecture 7

Front 1

What is a cell?

Back 1

A cell is a fundamental unit of living matter.

All living things are made up of cells.

Front 2

What is the fundamental feature of a cell?

Back 2

Ability to reproduce successfully.

Front 3

What are common characteristics of all cells?

Back 3

-All cells contain the same three macromolecules-DNA, RNA and Protein-to carry out their fundamental properties of life.

Front 4

In all living cells, genetic information flows from ___ to ___ to ___

Back 4

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Front 5

Together, the processes of DNA -> RNA -> Proteins are known as ____________.

Back 5

gene expression

Front 6

The hereditary information in the zygote determines _____________ __________________________

Back 6

the nature of the whole multicellular organism

Front 7

How can an organism have different cell types
even though they contain the same DNA?

Back 7

Different cells express different genes.

Front 8

Different genes are activated in different cells

Because this is the case...

Back 8

Results: different cells have different combinations of proteins

Front 9

Gene Regulation:

Cell Differentiation:

Back 9

The ability to turn on or turn off different genes within a cell.

The process whereby cells become specialized in structure and function.

Front 10

What is an embryo?

Back 10

It's tough to explain and every person may have a different definition of what it truly is.

Front 11

What days are assosiated with the following:

Fertilization:
Blastocyst:
Implantation of the Blastosyst:
Formation of the Primative Streak:

Back 11

Day 1
Days 5-7
Day 8
Day 15

Front 12

3 things that make up the Inner Cell Mass:

Back 12

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm

Front 13

A Stem Cell is a(n) __________ cell.

Back 13

Undifferentiated

Front 14

Totipotency:

Back 14

the ability to produce all the differentiated cells in an organism including extraembryonic tissues. (They are pluripotent and extraembryonic tissues)

Front 15

Pluripotency:

Back 15

the ability to give rise to cells from all three germ layers.

Front 16

Multipotency:

Back 16

the ability to produce multiple cell types from one lineage – one ectoderm or something (of one germ layer)

Front 17

Unipotency:

Back 17

the ability to give rise to only one cell type.

Front 18

What is the extraembryonic tissue?

Back 18

The placenta

Front 19

In an article about stem cells it said that "Induced Pluipotent Stem Cells (iPSC) can be derived from ..."

Back 19

Human Somatic Cells

Front 20

What does this mean? / What are the defined factors?

Derive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
by defined factors

Back 20

Somatic Cells + A Specific Culture Plate
--Yields-->
iPSCs

Front 21

Reproductive Cloning

The Process / Necessary Steps

Back 21

1. Remove nucleus from egg cell
2. Add somatic cell nucleus from adult donor to enucleated egg cell
3. Grow in culture to produce an early embryo
4. Implant embryo in surrogate mother
5. Clone of donor is born

Front 22

Therapeutic Cloning

The Process / Necessary Steps

Back 22

1. Remove nucleus from egg cell
2. Add somatic cell nucleus from adult donor to enucleated egg cell
3. Grow in culture to produce an early embryo
4. Remove embryonic stem cells from embryo and grow in culture
5. Induce stem cells to form specialized cells for therapeutic use

Front 23

sCNT:

The Process / Necessary Steps

Back 23

1. Remove nucleus from egg cell
2. Add somatic cell nucleus from adult donor to enucleated egg cell
3. Grow in culture to produce an early embryo

(Basically the first part of both Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning)

Front 24

Potential clinical applications of hESCs are...

Back 24

That if we could put these undifferentiated stem cells into different parts of the body, they could potentially live in that environment and help make more cells from that particular part of the body.

Front 25

Stem Cells are taken from ________ and then _________ and finally _________

Back 25

the inner cell mass
placed in a culture to grow
extracted

Front 26

Instead of hESCs, why don’t we use adult stem cells?

Back 26

There aren't as many / are harder to find

Front 27

Application of Therapeutic Cloning

Back 27

In Therapeutic Cloning the possibility exists where a patient could take cells from their own body, place them into an unfertilized egg, and have their own personal stem cells with their own DNA - able to help them with any problems later in life.

Front 28

Combination of therapeutic cloning
and Gene Therapy

Back 28

You do theraputic cloning so you can do gene therapy