Mccurdy Great Christian Thinkers From Colin Blakely

Front 1

Comes to prominence for letter h wrote on the way to Rome to be "devoured by Wild beasts."

Back 1

Ignatius of Antioch

Front 2

First Christian writer outside of the Bible to stress the Virgin birth.

Back 2

Ignatius of Antioch

Front 3

Was the first to talk about the "catholic" church.

Back 3

Ignatius of Antioch

Front 4

Ignatius of Antioch is thought to have been a disciple of the ______.

Back 4

Apostle John

Front 5

Second or third Bishop of Antioch

Back 5

Ignatius of Antioch

Front 6

Ignatius of Antioch was condemned to death under the rule of _______.

Back 6

Trajan

Front 7

Ignatius of Antioch made a strong stand against the heresy of _______.

Back 7

Docetism

Front 8

View that Jesus only seemed to be human and that he only seemed to suffer on the cross.

Back 8

Docetism

Front 9

Because it is believed he knew John and the other disciples of Christ, Polycarp is known as one of the ________.

Back 9

"Apostolic Fathers"

Front 10

A letter to him, from Ignatius of Antioch, is still in existence.

Back 10

Polycarp

Front 11

Apostolic father who had a strong opinion on the date for Easter.

Back 11

Polycarp

Front 12

Polycarp's date for Easter was based on the fact that he believed Easter was the ______.

Back 12

Christian Passover

Front 13

Roman governor offered to let him live if he would just deny Christ.

Back 13

Polycarp

Front 14

"Eighty-six years I have been his servant and he has done me no wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me?"

Back 14

Polycarp

Front 15

Irenaeus was his disciple.

Back 15

Polycarp

Front 16

Irenaeus was important for attacking the ____.

Back 16

Gnostics

Front 17

Heretics who believed Salvation could be achieved through knowledge.

Back 17

Gnostics

Front 18

Did not believe that Christ was really God, they denied that he rose from the grave, and they denied that the world was created by one God.

Back 18

Gnostics

Front 19

Gnostics had lots of various beliefs they claimed had been handed down to them secretly by one or other of the ________.

Back 19

Apostles

Front 20

He claimed he could trace the churches teaching back to the original apostles.

Back 20

Iraneus

Front 21

Introduced the principle of apostolic succession.

Back 21

Iraneus

Front 22

Claimed only Polycarp & John separated him from Christ.

Back 22

Iraneus

Front 23

First to state that; Mathew, Mark, Luke, & John were the only true Gospels.

Back 23

Iraneus

Front 24

First to say that the writings of the New Testament were on the same level of authority as the Old Testament.

Back 24

Iraneus

Front 25

Iraneus taught that the New Testament should be treated as Holy Scripture because the Christian faith fulfilled what was said in _____.

Back 25

the Old Testament

Front 26

Coined the term Trinity.

Back 26

Tertullian

Front 27

First major Theologian to write in Latin.

Back 27

Tertullian

Front 28

Stressed the monarchy of God and maintained that God was "one."

Back 28

Monarchians

Front 29

They came up with the idea that there was only one person of the Godhead, that just carried out different functions.

Back 29

Monarchians

Front 30

Tertullian refuted the Monarchians by saying that God is _________.

Back 30

One substance in three persons.

Front 31

First to write a theological work about baptism.

Back 31

Tertullian

Front 32

First to write a Christian book on psychology.

Back 32

Tertullian

Front 33

Tertullian was against infant baptism because he believed at baptism a chasm was crossed and Christians _______.

Back 33

did not need to sin

Front 34

Tertullian believed sin committed after baptism was ___________.

Back 34

unforgivable

Front 35

Tertullian's book aimed at the Romans, defended the right of Christians to play their part in society.

Back 35

Apology

Front 36

He asked "what has Athens got to do with Jerusalem?"

Back 36

Tertullian

Front 37

Movement flirted with by Tertullian and branded as heretical by Pope Callistus.

Back 37

Montanism

Front 38

Movement that stressed purity and discipline, but also had apocalyptic features. Stressedd the ministry of the Paraclete & ecstatic prophecy.

Back 38

Montanism

Front 39

Described as the "father of Latin Theology."

Back 39

Tertullian

Front 40

Most likely to say; These Romans have got it in for us.

Back 40

Tertullian

Front 41

Leading thinker of the early church later condemned as a heretic.

Back 41

Origen

Front 42

Got a job from Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, heading the Catechetical.

Back 42

Origen

Front 43

Was eventually sacked and degrocked by Demetrius

Back 43

Origen

Front 44

Set up his own school in Caesarea.

Back 44

Origen

Front 45

He defended the Trinity, opposed monarchianism, and taught that the son was eternally begotten.

Back 45

Origen

Front 46

Taught that the father is the son. (belief system)

Back 46

Monarchianism

Front 47

Had the idea that everything was created eternally and that as these eternal souls moved away from God they became cold + Hard.

Back 47

Origen

Front 48

Believed moving away from God caused all eternal souls to fall; some fell to be Angels, others demons and still others to be humans depending on how far they fell.

Back 48

Origen

Front 49

He believed salvation was the reversal of falling away from God.

Back 49

Origen

Front 50

He believed at the conclusion of history everything and everyone would be reconciled to God, even the devil.

Back 50

Origen

Front 51

Belief that everyone would be reconciled to God.

Back 51

Universalism

Front 52

Early Church leader who's Universalism was denounced by the Church.

Back 52

Origen

Front 53

Believed that evil was non-being

Back 53

Origen

Front 54

Believed punishment was psychological anguish.

Back 54

Origen

Front 55

Believed that the Son was inferior to the father (and so we should pray to father through the son).

Back 55

Origen

Front 56

He believed in three levels of understanding the bible; Plain literal, moral application, & allegorical sense.

Back 56

Origen

Front 57

His "First Principles" may have been the first attempt at a systematic Theology.

Back 57

Origen

Front 58

This creed written around 500 was a strong defense of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity.

Back 58

Athanasian Creed

Front 59

The Athanasian creed was not written by _____.

Back 59

Athanasius

Front 60

Bishop of Axexandria who devoted a large part of his ministry to fighting the Arian heresy.

Back 60

Athanasius

Front 61

A priest who taught that only God the Father was divine. His followers claimed Christ was not divine.

Back 61

Arius

Front 62

Athanasius held that God-father, Son, and Spirit- was of ___________.

Back 62

one divine nature or being.

Front 63

Was charged with conduct unbecoming of a bishop because he was so violent in his treatment of clergy who disagreed with him.

Back 63

Athanasius

Front 64

Had a conflict with Constantine over the reconciliation of repentent Arians.

Back 64

Athanasius

Front 65

It paved the way for the Nicene Creed, made clear the doctrines of the Trinity & the incarnation.

Back 65

Athanasian Creed

Front 66

In a letter he wrote in 367, he listed the books (for the first time) agreed to be the genuinely holy ones in the New Testament.

Back 66

Athanasius

Front 67

The books we accept as the "Canon" first appeared listed in a letter written in the year _______.

Back 67

A.D. 367

Front 68

When he wrote "A Life of St. Anthony" while on an exhile the book led to the spread of the idea of Monasticism.

Back 68

Athanasius

Front 69

Books agreed to be holy ones in the New Testament.

Back 69

The Canon

Front 70

Egyptian priest, rocked the church. Died in the streets in 336.

Back 70

Arius

Front 71

He taught that Jesus wa not the eternal Son of God, but merely a heavenly being, granted the status of "son."

Back 71

Arius

Front 72

Arch-enemy of Athanasius.

Back 72

Arius

Front 73

Council called to sort out the controversy between Arius and Athanasius.

Back 73

Council of Nicaea

Front 74

Date of the council of Nicaea.

Back 74

A.D. 325

Front 75

Ruled that Christ and the father were of "one substance."

Back 75

Council of Nicaea

Front 76

Was excommunicated and banished after the Council of Nicaea.

Back 76

Arius

Front 77

Allowed Arians to return to the church.

Back 77

Constantine

Front 78

When Constantine died the new emperor Constantius, was an ____.

Back 78

Arian

Front 79

Appeared for a time to be victorious over the one substance view.

Back 79

Arianism

Front 80

The councils of Rimini and Seleucia said the Son was _______.

Back 80

"like the Father"

Front 81

Arianism won the battle but _______.

Back 81

lost the war

Front 82

Gregory of Nazianzus, Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa

Back 82

Cappadocian fathers

Front 83

Famous for their teaching on the Trinity.

Back 83

Cappadocian fathers

Front 84

The Cappadocian fathers opposed _____.

Back 84

Arianism

Front 85

"The Theologian" 329-390

Back 85

Gregory of Nazianzus

Front 86

Did become the bishop at Constantinople, having made the Nicene faith the orthodoxy of the church.

Back 86

Gregory of Nazianzus

Front 87

The Gregories led the attack against heresy and they won HERE.

Back 87

Council of Constantinople

Front 88

At the Council of Constantinople, the Gregories had a creed agreed, which some theologians identify as the ________..

Back 88

Nicene Creed

Front 89

Theological significance of the Cappadocian Fathers.

Back 89

Defended the Trinity

Front 90

Wrote a book "That there are not Three Gods."

Back 90

Gregory of Nyssa

Front 91

They drew together two teachings one; that the Father and Son are one substance, and two; that the Father, Son and Spirit are three beings.

Back 91

Cappadocian Fathers

Front 92

The combined teaching that the Father and Son are one and that the Father, Son & Holy Spirit are three beings.

Back 92

Doctrine of the Trinity

Front 93

First to teach that the Father, Son and Spirit are three beings.

Back 93

Origen

Front 94

Wrote against the Macedonians.

Back 94

Cappadocian Fathers

Front 95

Accepted the diety of the Son but argued that the Holy Spirit was not part of the Godhead.

Back 95

Macedonians

Front 96

Gregory of Nazianzus was forceful in calling the Holy Spirit ________.

Back 96

God

Front 97

Denied that Jesus had a human soul.

Back 97

Apollinarianism

Front 98

Apollinarianism did not survive the attacks of the Cappadocian Fathers at the ______.

Back 98

Council of Constantinople

Front 99

Translated the Bible into Latin.

Back 99

Jerome

Front 100

Spent 23 years studying Hebrew so he could translate the Old Testament from the original instead of Greek.

Back 100

Jerome

Front 101

Was urged by pope Damasus to translate the bible.

Back 101

Jerome

Front 102

Name for Jerome's Latin translation of the Bible.

Back 102

Vulgate

Front 103

Vulgate means _____.

Back 103

common use.

Front 104

Greek translation of the Old Testament.

Back 104

Septuagint

Front 105

Jerome advocated the Hebrew canon of the Old Testament, so criticizing the inclusion of the __.

Back 105

Apocrypha

Front 106

In his translation Jerome included the controversial passage ____.

Back 106

John 7:53---8:11

Front 107

Became known as the greatest Christian Preacher. "golden mouthed."

Back 107

John Chrysostom

Front 108

John Chrysostom followed the _______ school.

Back 108

Antiochian

Front 109

Opposed the allegorical interpretation and taught that the bible should be interpreted according to its natural, or literal, sense.

Back 109

Antiochian School

Front 110

John Chrysostom was forced to become the ____.

Back 110

Bishop of Constantinople

Front 111

A religious group who fled to Constantinople after the denunciation of Origenism.

Back 111

The Tall Brothers

Front 112

He was tried, exiled, restored, and exhiled again by the Empress Eudoxia of Constantinople.

Back 112

John Chrysostom

Front 113

After being exiled he was killed by his captors by being walked to death.

Back 113

John Chrysostom

Front 114

Introduced the December 25th date for Christmas to the Church in the East and Epiphany to the Church in the West.

Back 114

John Chrysostom

Front 115

A famous preacher from the school of Antioch who became the patriarch of Constantinople.

Back 115

Nestorius

Front 116

Nestorius troubles started when his chaplain Anastasius spoke out against the term theotokos, which means _____.

Back 116

God-bearer'

Front 117

It sounded like he was arguing that within the body of Christ there were two beings, a man and God.

Back 117

Nestorius

Front 118

He said 'I hold the natures apart, but unite the worship.' However he spoke of the oneness of Christ.

Back 118

Nestorius

Front 119

He made enemies with Cyril the Patriarch of Alexandria and the pope in Rome.

Back 119

Nestorius

Front 120

Cyril the Patriarch of Alexandria claimed that Nestorius was an _________.

Back 120

adoptionist'

Front 121

Someone who believed that God had simply borrowed the body of Jesus.

Back 121

adoptionist'

Front 122

The conflict between Cyril and Nestorius was to be resolved by the council in _______.

Back 122

Ephesus

Front 123

At the council of Ephesus Cyril won and Nestorius was ______.

Back 123

exiled

Front 124

He appeared to say that Christ consisted of two wills, but he did also stress the unity of Christ. He did not deny Christ's diety but he was less explicit than he could have been about how the human and divine united.

Back 124

Nestorius

Front 125

After a religious crisis was batized by Ambrose.

Back 125

Augustine of Hippo

Front 126

Set out Christian doctrine in opposition to the heresies of Donatism and Pelagianism.

Back 126

Augustine of Hippo

Front 127

He preceded Descartes with the formula 'I think therefore I am.'

Back 127

Augustine of Hippo

Front 128

Fourth and fifth century theologian who powerfully advanced the teachings of St. Paul.

Back 128

Augustine of Hippo

Front 129

Advanced a highly influential doctrine of original sin.

Back 129

Augustine of Hippo

Front 130

His emphasis on original sin and the helplessness of man without God's grace prompting faith became the theme of the reformers 1,000 years later.

Back 130

Augustine of Hippo

Front 131

He said there were two 'cities': the city of God, made up of people who believed in him, and the City of Man, made up of pagans.

Back 131

Augustine of Hippo

Front 132

He started the idea of the 'invisible church' made up of true believers and the 'visible' church.

Back 132

Augustine of Hippo

Front 133

Augustine conflicted with Pelagius who taught that man's good deads were required by God, for Augustine salvation was a free gift, not something to be _______.

Back 133

earned

Front 134

Was the first person to introduce the idea of a group of celibate monks living together serving the church.

Back 134

Augustine of Hippo

Front 135

"You have made us for yourself and our heart is restless till it finds its rest in you."

Back 135

Augustine of Hippo

Front 136

Pelagius was not a priest but a _____.

Back 136

teacher

Front 137

He battled with Augustine over the question of grace versus free will.

Back 137

Pelagius

Front 138

Augustine taught that man had no part to play in his salvation, it was all down to ______.

Back 138

God's grace

Front 139

Pelagius taught that everyone was created by God with the power to do ________.

Back 139

good or evil

Front 140

It is denied by Pelagianism though it is not for sure whether it was Pelagius idea or added by his followers.

Back 140

original sin

Front 141

Pelagius most important follower.

Back 141

Celestius

Front 142

He argued that real grace was something that every person had and that it included free will, reason and conscience.

Back 142

Pelagius

Front 143

Under pressure for Augustine and others the pope had Pelagius and Celestius _____.

Back 143

excommunicated

Front 144

In 431 it condemned Pelagius and Celestius and upheld Augustine's doctrine as orthodoxy.

Back 144

Council of Ephesus

Front 145

Pelagius believed people had been set a bad example and needed a _____.

Back 145

good example

Front 146

When he succeeded Theophilus as Patriarch of Alexandria, his main concern was Nestorianism.

Back 146

Cyril of Alexandria

Front 147

Wanted to be orthodox but could not accept that the human and divine natures of Christ were united in one person.

Back 147

Nestorius

Front 148

Wrote to Nestorius "that anyone could doubt the right of the holy Virgin to be called the mother of God fills me with astonishment."

Back 148

Cyril of Alexandria

Front 149

Patriarch of Alexandria who maintained that the two natures of Christ were united in Jesus.

Back 149

Cyril of Alexandria

Front 150

Nestorius believed in Jesus the man and God the Word--two different things--whereas Cyril taught that Jesus was the _____.

Back 150

Word

Front 151

Was a Roman who gave up his wealth and administrative work to become a monk.

Back 151

Gregory the Great

Front 152

Became the first pope who had been a monk.

Back 152

Gregory the Great

Front 153

He turned around the decaying situation in Rome and extended the realm of Christianity, trying to establish a Christian common wealth.

Back 153

Gregory the Great

Front 154

He negotiated peace with the Lombards and strengthened the churches in Spain and Gaul, defended the claims of Rome against Constantinople and even sent missionaries to England.

Back 154

Gregory the Great

Front 155

Sent Augustine of Canterbury as a missionary to England.

Back 155

Gregory the Great

Front 156

Wanted to uphold the primacy of the Roman see over the patriarch of Constantinople

Back 156

Gregory the Great

Front 157

Actively promoted monasticism, founding seven monasteries, and he developed a form of liturgical music, known as plainsong.

Back 157

Gregory the Great

Front 158

Today's name for the liturgical music developed by Gregory the Great.

Back 158

Gregorian Chant

Front 159

First archbishop of Canterbury.

Back 159

Augustine of Canterbury

Front 160

Gregory the Great sent him to England to convert the Angles.

Back 160

Augustine of Canterbury

Front 161

Set up a monastery in Canterbury with the 40 monks who travelled with him from Rome.

Back 161

Augustine of Canterbury

Front 162

It is said that on one day alone he baptized over 1,000 people in the River Swale.

Back 162

Augustine of Canterbury

Front 163

Was descended from a royal line, and became abbess of a religious house near Hartepool.

Back 163

Hilda

Front 164

She set up a monastery for men and women at Streanaeshalch (later renamed Whitby).

Back 164

Hilda

Front 165

In the struggle between Celtic Christians and Roman Christians she originally sided with the Celts, but when the Romans won the day she changed sides and remained loyal to Rome.

Back 165

Hilda

Front 166

The last of the Early Church Fathers.

Back 166

John of Damascus

Front 167

Is venerated by the Orthodox, partly for his defense of icons.

Back 167

John of Damascus

Front 168

He maintained that icons were only a depiction of the reality and argued that Christians ought to venerate icons in the same way as we venerate the Bible or the cross.

Back 168

John of Damascus

Front 169

Those who opposed Icons.

Back 169

iconoclasts

Front 170

Were condemned at a synod in 843, which also deposed the patriarch and made relations between the Byzantine government and the Orthodox Chruch more harmonious.

Back 170

iconoclasts

Front 171

His main achievement was to gather together all the works of the early Fathers into a systematic manuel.

Back 171

John of Damascus

Front 172

In addition to being England's first historian, he was also a theologian, a computist and a hagiographer.

Back 172

The Venerable Bede

Front 173

The first person to popularize the calender which took as its baseline the birth of Christ.

Back 173

The Venerable Bede

Front 174

The first to work out the formula for calculating Easter.

Back 174

The Venerable Bede

Front 175

Someone who writes up the life of a saint.

Back 175

hagiographer

Front 176

What post did Anselm hold from 1093 to 1109, when he died.

Back 176

Archbishop of Cantebury

Front 177

Anselm broke with tradition by using THIS as a basis for belief.

Back 177

reason

Front 178

The nature or study of being.

Back 178

Ontology

Front 179

He introduced the ontological argument for the existence of God.

Back 179

Anselm

Front 180

If I can concieve of the most perfect being, the actual being is greater than my perception and therefore must exist or I could not concieve of it.

Back 180

Ontological argument for the existence of God.

Front 181

He maintained that because we could think of God, it was implied that there must be a God.

Back 181

Anselm

Front 182

Anselm argued that because we could conceive of God, he must exist, because if he did not exist he would not be the greatest ___________.

Back 182

conceivable being

Front 183

In addition to his ontological argument Anselm also tried to prove the existence of God through the existence of _______.

Back 183

goodness

Front 184

Anselm argued that as there are degrees of goodness, to calculate these degrees there must be an _____________.

Back 184

ultimate good

Front 185

Anselm argued that the atonement was not necessary, to buy people back from the devil, but God being just holy and majestic could not forgive sinners apart from a ___________.

Back 185

perfect sacrifice

Front 186

In his book Cur Deus Homo (why God became man) Anselm defined his position on the atonement, which became the ________.

Back 186

Orthodox interpretation

Front 187

The philisophical debate over "universals" was between those who thought things were derived from bigger universal realities and the opponents who believed that things derived no reality from _____.

Back 187

universals

Front 188

He said that we call things a name (e.g. 'tree', 'man' and 'sea') because they embody characteristics of the universal.

Back 188

Peter Abelard

Front 189

He came up with a compromise in the debate on "universals."

Back 189

Peter Abelard

Front 190

He introduced formal logic into the Church's theology.

Back 190

Peter Abelard

Front 191

Until Peter Abelard introduced logic to the study of theology the only two tests for working out theology were _______.

Back 191

tradition and Scripture

Front 192

His most important work was Sic et Non (Yes and No)

Back 192

Peter Abelard

Front 193

He said "the first key to wisdom is assiduous and frequent questioning. For by doubting we come to enquiry and by enquiry we arrive at truth."

Back 193

Peter Abelard

Front 194

It was largely due to him that people were convinced of the merits of waging the Second Crusade, and when it ended in disaster he emerged relatively unscathed, laying the blame at the Crusaders lack of faith.

Back 194

Bernard of Clairvaux

Front 195

The scapegoat Bernard of Clairvaux gave the crusaders for the failure of the second crusade.

Back 195

Greeks

Front 196

As a result of Bernard using the Greeks as a scapegoat for the failure of the Second Crusade, the Fourth Crusade set out to take over _____.

Back 196

Constantinople

Front 197

The Fourth Crusade was successful in taking over Constantinople, but it was the last straw for the Orthodox, and they cut the last of their links with ____.

Back 197

Rome

Front 198

He was so cross with Abelard's style of doing theology and his use of reason that he had him condemned at the Council of Sens in 1140.

Back 198

Bernard of Clairvaux

Front 199

In the rivalry between two popes, Innocent II and Anacletus, HE successfully backed Innocent.

Back 199

Bernard of Clairvaux

Front 200

He was so important that HE is regarded as the "last of the Fathers."

Back 200

Bernard of Clairvaux

Front 201

Bernard of Clairvaux convinced Pope Eugenius III to take this lady's visions seriously.

Back 201

Hildegard of Bingen

Front 202

She wrote a book called the Book of Simple Medicine, she also wrote plays, music, poetry and drama.

Back 202

Hildegard of Bingen

Front 203

When she tried to organize a strike by monks and nuns, for a short time her convent was placed under an interdict.

Back 203

Hildegard of Bingen

Front 204

She was an early advocate of equal rights, especially before God. She maintained that men and women were equal before God.

Back 204

Hildegard of Bingen

Front 205

Prompted by a vision he gave all that he owned to the poor.

Back 205

Francis of Assisi

Front 206

His anti-materialsim and his belief in a life of poverty helping the poor were inspired by the Lord's words in Matthew 10:7-19.

Back 206

Francis of Assisi

Front 207

His empathy with mankind led him to embracing lepers long before modern-day chairty figures got around to it.

Back 207

Francis of Assisi

Front 208

Pope Honorius III eventually conceded to his way of thinking and approved his Rule of Life for the Franciscan Order.

Back 208

Francis of Assisi

Front 209

While at a hermitage, he received the "Stigmata"--five mysterious wounds on his body representing the wounds of Christ. He was the first person to have reported to have experienced this.

Back 209

Francis of Assisi

Front 210

He tried to find a way to harmonize faith and reason. He followed the scholastic pattern of theologians like Abelard, Anselm, and Lombard by setting up contradictory statements about an issue and finding a solution by reason.

Back 210

Thomas Aquinas

Front 211

Scholar who dismissed the idea that there could be any rational knowledge of God because he is totally different from human beings.

Back 211

Bonaventure

Front 212

He tried to synthesize Aristotle and Augustine, and he largely succeeded.

Back 212

Thomas Aquinas

Front 213

One of his greatest contributions was his "five ways" of proving the existence of God.

Back 213

Thomas Aquinas

Front 214

Motion, cause and effect, the existence of things that are sustained beyond themselves, degrees of perfection, and the way that every living thing strives toward a perfect state.

Back 214

the "Five Ways"

Front 215

Things that would cause an ordinary person (apart from revelation) to conclude that there was a creator.

Back 215

natural theology

Front 216

One of his main contributions was the concept of a Just War.

Back 216

Thomas Aquinas

Front 217

The cause must be just, the just purpose must continue during combat, it must correct an injustice, it must be waged by acceptable means, it must be the last resort, victory must be assured, and it must result in peace.

Back 217

conditions of a Just War

Front 218

The Dominicans followed Aquinas, and are known as ___________.

Back 218

Thomists

Front 219

The Franciscans followed Duns Scotus and became known as __________.

Back 219

Scotists

Front 220

His main contribution to theology was to address the diverging strands of philosophy and theology (not Ablelard, Anselm, Lombard or Aquinas).

Back 220

John Duns Scotus

Front 221

John Duns Scotus tried to mediate between Aristotelianism and _______.

Back 221

Augustinianism.

Front 222

When his writings were translated into Latin they rocked the church.

Back 222

Aristotle

Front 223

He wrote rejecting Aristotle's view that the human intellect can only know things that it collects from the five senses, arguing instead that man has an intuitive knowledge.

Back 223

John Duns Scotus

Front 224

Using philosophical methods to arbitrate conflicts in theology.

Back 224

Scholasticism

Front 225

Early method of applying logic to the ancient texts, became most popular in the sixteenth century.

Back 225

Scholasticism

Front 226

One of the first theologians to defend the immaculate conception of Mary.

Back 226

John Duns Scotus

Front 227

A form of theological inquiry that operates by positing two contradictory statements and applying logic to uncover the synthesized meaning inherent in the two statements.

Back 227

Scholasticism

Front 228

He was the main impetus behind the first translation of the Bible into English because he believed ordinary people should read the bible.

Back 228

John Wycliffe

Front 229

The first of his comments to attract opposition was that leaders could only lead by grace. So when leaders when leaders religious or secular turned evil they no longer had the authority to lead.

Back 229

John Wycliffe

Front 230

He was one of the first to condemn the theology of transubstantiation saying it was not logical, scriptural and was even philosophically questionable.

Back 230

John wycliffe

Front 231

Pre reformation reformer who said that since the church was made up of the redeemed, there was no need for priests to intercede for them or to forgive them for sins.

Back 231

John Wycliffe

Front 232

When he raised his objections to transubstantiation, he was condemned by his colleagues at Oxford and forced out.

Back 232

John Wycliffe

Front 233

Wycliffe's translation of the Bible into English came from the ________.

Back 233

Vulgate

Front 234

Latin version of the Bible.

Back 234

Vulgate

Front 235

John Wycliffe's followers outlived him and became known as ____________.

Back 235

Lollards

Front 236

Her main work was called Revelations of the Divine, in which she records 16 visions she had of the suffering of Christ on the cross, when she was suffering from a heart attack.

Back 236

Julian of Norwich

Front 237

She referred to Christ as "our Mother," and she believed that sin caused pain but that it could never really harm the Christian because God will overcome all in the fullness of time.

Back 237

Julian of Norwich

Front 238

Czech national who upset many other priests by preaching violent sermons against clergy immorality.

Back 238

Jan Hus

Front 239

Disciple of Wycliffe who supported Alexander V in the Great Papal Schism, at first he was able to get Alexander to help promote the doctrines of Wycliffe, but Archbishop Sbinko got Alexander to agree to the destruction of Wycliffe's books got HIM excommunicated.

Back 239

Jan Hus

Front 240

He was given safe passage to the Council of Constance to resolve the Great Papal schism but when he arrived he was thrown into prison and died at the stake.

Back 240

Jan Hus

Front 241

The Moravian Church was a descendant of his church.

Back 241

Jan Hus

Front 242

Major Dutch Theologian of the Reformation Period

Back 242

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 243

He was the first person to publish a Greek New Testament.

Back 243

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 244

In publishing a Greek New Testament, HE only had a few manuscripts to work from, and only one had the book of Revelation.

Back 244

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 245

Luther's contemporary, He wrote against Luther's idea that the human will is in bondage and unable to do any good.

Back 245

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 246

Unlike Luther he believed that the reformation of the Catholic Church could come through scholarship alone.

Back 246

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 247

Even though HE did not break from the church, when the Counter Reformation took place his works were banned.

Back 247

Desiderius Erasmus

Front 248

Founder of the Protestant Reformation.

Back 248

Martin Luther

Front 249

Posted his 95 theses against the sale of indulgences in 1517.

Back 249

Martin Luther

Front 250

Year Martin Luther posted his 95 theses.

Back 250

1517

Front 251

Though he started with the issue Justification by Faith and his opposition to the sale of indulgences, he came to deny the primacy of the Pope and the infallibility of the general councils.

Back 251

Martin Luther

Front 252

When Luther did not recant before this council, he was put under the ban of the Empire.

Back 252

Diet of Worms

Front 253

Established the doctrinal basis for the Lutheran Church.

Back 253

Diet of Augusburg

Front 254

Luther's most important doctrine.

Back 254

Justification by Faith.

Front 255

Verse that most influenced Luther's doctrine of Justification by Faith.

Back 255

Romans 1:17

Front 256

The man who started the Reformation in Switzerland.

Back 256

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 257

His experience as a chaplain to Swiss mercenaries in Italy, led him to oppose the practice, and he began preaching against the mercenary business.

Back 257

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 258

He abolished the Mass in Zurch in 1525.

Back 258

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 259

Formed themselves into the first "free church," during Zwingi's time in Zurich.

Back 259

Anabaptists

Front 260

Zwingli disagreed with the Catholics, Luther and Calvin over the issue of the ____.

Back 260

Eucharist or the Mass

Front 261

Catholic belief that wine and the bread become the actual body and blood of Christ.

Back 261

Transubstantiation

Front 262

Luthern belief that Christ is present along with the unchanged reality of the Bread and the Wine.

Back 262

Consubstantiation

Front 263

Belief that Christ's body and blood were present in the sacrament "in, with, and under' the elements of bread and wine.

Back 263

Consubstantiation

Front 264

Still signifies a "physical" presence of Christ in the Supper, but not in a 'bloody" way.

Back 264

Consubstantiation

Front 265

In contrast to Luther He interpreted the sacrament as a commemoration of the death of Christ, in which the church responded to grace already given, rather than a vehicle of grace.

Back 265

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 266

He did not believe that Christ was actually present in the elements of the bread and the wine.

Back 266

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 267

He believed that there is a real reception of the body and blood of Christ in the supper, only in a spiritual manner. The sacrament is a real means of grace, a channel by which Christ communicates himself to us. He believed this was done by the Holy Spirit, while Christ's body remained in Heaven.

Back 267

John Calvin

Front 268

Zwingli believed the state had the right to rule on _____.

Back 268

Religious matters

Front 269

He was killed on the battlefield in Keppel in 1531 fighting with the Catholics.

Back 269

Ulrich Zwingli

Front 270

HE was summoned by Henry VIII to be the archbishop of Canterbury.

Back 270

Thomas Cranmer

Front 271

Most famous for his contributions to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.

Back 271

Thomas Cranmer

Front 272

As archbishop in England he played a key role in overthrowing the papal supremacy over the Church in England.

Back 272

Thomas Cranmer

Front 273

When Mary Tudor succeded to the English Throne he was involved in a plot to put Lady Jane Grey on the throne.

Back 273

Thomas Cranmer

Front 274

He was forced to recant many of his positions by Queen Mary I (Tudor) but according to Matthew Foxe, he renounced his recantations when he was being burned at the stake.

Back 274

Thomas Cranmer

Front 275

He is known as the "father of Calvinism."

Back 275

Martin Bucer

Front 276

He was Calvin's mentor until the Emperor's army took Strasbourg and he fled to England.

Back 276

Martin Bucer

Front 277

He took a middle position between Luther & Zwingli on the Eucharist. He taught a real feeding on Christ's body and blood, but without the real presence in the bread and wine. His position becomes the Reformed Calvinist position.

Back 277

Martin Bucer

Front 278

At a church meeting in Regensburg, he played a key role in finding common ground between Protestants and Roman Catholics on Justification by faith. (Though Luther was not impressed)

Back 278

Martin Bucer

Front 279

He was a friend of Thomas Cranmer and helped compile the 1549 & 1552 Prayer books.

Back 279

Martin Bucer

Front 280

Edward the VI was going to use his "Kindom of Christ" as a blueprint for a Christian England, but he died before he could implement it.

Back 280

Martin Bucer

Front 281

Founded the Society of Jesus or Jesuits.

Back 281

Ignatius Loyola

Front 282

HE was a professional soldier who was wounded by a cannon ball, while recovering he was converted, hung up his sword, and vowed to become a soldier for Christ.

Back 282

Ignatius Loyola

Front 283

HIS movement was constituted by Pope Paul III, and it included a new fourth vow of absolute obedience to the Pope.

Back 283

Ignatius Loyola

Front 284

The three tasks of HIS new society included; education, counteracting the Protestants and undertaking missionary expansion in new areas.

Back 284

Ignatius Loyola

Front 285

Ignatius Loyola and his Jesuit order were instrumental in the _________.

Back 285

Counter Reformation

Front 286

First person to translate the New Testament into English from the original Greek.

Back 286

William Tyndale

Front 287

Thomas More called HIM the "Captian of English heretics."

Back 287

William Tyndale

Front 288

HE was unpopular in England because the Bishops were so concerned to stop the spread of Lutheran ideas, that they refused to support his work on translating the New Testament into English.

Back 288

William Tyndale

Front 289

After his first complete New Testament was finally printed in Worms, it was smuggled into Britain.

Back 289

William Tyndale

Front 290

THIS translator of the New Testament, was able to do his work because his mentor at Cambridge, Erasmus, had translated the Greek New Testament.

Back 290

William Tyndale

Front 291

Before HE was executed for HIS work, HIS last words were "Lord open the King of England's eyes." This prayer was answered because Henry VIII then authorized the publication of an English translation of the Bible. The versions that followed were closely based on HIS work.

Back 291

William Tyndale

Front 292

HE was Luther's best friend but they had a falling out over the docrine of the "real presence."

Back 292

Philipp Melanchthon

Front 293

Because HE claimed that Luther had changed his stance on the "real presence" to agree with him on his death bed he became known as "Luther's betrayer."

Back 293

Philipp Melanchthon

Front 294

He wrote the Augsburg Confession.

Back 294

Philipp Melanchthon

Front 295

The Lutheran confession of faith that Melanchthon made as moderate as possible to avoid upsetting the Catholics.

Back 295

Augsburg Confession

Front 296

In HIS book Commonplaces HE was trying to rescue theology from philisophical distortions and return it to a biblical base.

Back 296

Philipp Melanchthon

Front 297

Though he came closer to the Calvinist position on the "real presence," he did not believe that Christians should rely on their predestination for their salvation, they must act justly.

Back 297

Philipp Melanchthon

Front 298

HE was a friend of Thomas Cranmer and along with Martin Bucer helped him draw up the Book of Common Prayer.

Back 298

Nicholas Ridley

Front 299

After being Chaplain to Thomas Cranmer, HE became bishop of Rochester which gave him a seat in the House of Lords where he worked for his view of the "Real Presence."

Back 299

Nicholas Ridley

Front 300

As Bishop of London HE had the stone alters thrown out and replaced with wooden tables.

Back 300

Nicholas Ridley

Front 301

HE took a gamble and preached in favor of Lady Jane Grey's accession to the throne of England over Mary Tudor (Mary I)

Back 301

Nicholas Ridley

Front 302

Nicholas Ridley was arrested for heresy during the reign of Mary Tudor (Mary I) and when he refused to recant his ideas he was ______________.

Back 302

burned at the stake

Front 303

Along with Ignatius Loyola he helped establish the Jesuit Order (the Society of Jesus).

Back 303

Francis Xavier

Front 304

The new vow that Loyola and Xavier added to their order was obedience to the ___.

Back 304

Pope

Front 305

HE was known as the Apostle of the Indies.

Back 305

Francis Xavier

Front 306

Jesuits estimate that during HIS life he converted 700,000 people.

Back 306

Francis Xavier

Front 307

HE made the quote "Give me the children until they are seven and anyone may have them afterwards."

Back 307

Francis Xavier

Front 308

Fled from Paris to Basle, Switzerland where he wrote his Institutes.

Back 308

John Calvin

Front 309

While passing through Geneva he was invited to stay and help with the Reformation there.

Back 309

John Calvin

Front 310

Fled Geneva because of opposition to HIS idea of using excommunication as a form of civil discipline.

Back 310

John Calvin

Front 311

When he returned to Geneva he was able to get it run as a theocracy where the clergy write the rules for society.

Back 311

John Calvin

Front 312

Student of Calvin's at Geneva who led the Scottish Reformation.

Back 312

John Knox

Front 313

HE was taken prisoner by the French and spent two years as a galley slave, before he went to England and became chaplain to Edward VI.

Back 313

John Knox

Front 314

HE did not believe that women should rule over men he opposed the rule of Mary Tudor (Mary I), Elizabeth I, and Mary Queen of Scots. He wrote "The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women."

Back 314

John Knox

Front 315

HE believed that if he secured the Reformation in Scotland, and England remained Reformed, there would be created a united nation won for the gospel.

Back 315

John Knox

Front 316

This Scottish Reformer helped Thomas Cranmer with the 1552 Book of Common Prayer.

Back 316

John Knox

Front 317

HE forced Mary Queen of Scots out of Scotland.

Back 317

John Knox

Front 318

SHE ran away from her home and joined a Carmelite monestery at Avila, but at first her time in the monestery only led to a deeper sense of desolation.

Back 318

Teresa of Avila

Front 319

In 1555, SHE had a profound religious experience after meditating on a statue of Christ after he had been scourged. She felt her heart had been broken and she placed all her trust in God.

Back 319

Teresa of Avila

Front 320

This Catholic nun, was a reformer and a mystic in the 16th century who believed every Christian could have a personal relationship with God.

Back 320

Teresa of Avila

Front 321

SHE was followed by John of the Cross, she founded 16 religious houses, was canonized in 1622 and was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1970.

Back 321

Teresa of Avila

Front 322

Person that convinced John Jewel of the merits of the Protestant cause.

Back 322

Peter Martyr

Front 323

HE held the middle ground between the Roman Catholics and the Puritans. He upset the Roman Catholics by writing the Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae.

Back 323

John Jewel

Front 324

HE argued that the Church of England was doctrinally sound because it could trace apostolic succession and claimed that unity was dependent upon Christ, not the See of Rome, which he accused of having heretical doctrines.

Back 324

John Jewel

Front 325

HE gave the Church of England a solid ground of defense for its existence outside of the Roman fold.

Back 325

John Jewel

Front 326

Along with Teresa of Avila HE founded the Discalced Carmelites.

Back 326

John of the Cross

Front 327

Discalced means _____.

Back 327

shoeless'

Front 328

When HIS opponents the Calced Carmelites, held a meeting in 1575, HE was promptly arrested and thrown in the dungeon at Toledo.

Back 328

John of the Cross

Front 329

A Mystic poet of the 16th century, HE wasn't given so much to having visions as to believing that the reality of God's presence can only be found through the expression of love, which happens beyond the realm of the senses.

Back 329

John of the Cross

Front 330

The compromise between the extreme protestants and the Catholics after the death of Mary Tudor (Mary I).

Back 330

Elizabethan Settlement

Front 331

HE defended the Elizaethan Settlement against the Puritans. HE believed Christians should avoid only those things specifically outlawed in scripture. If the Bible were silent on an issue, then Christians could interpret their stance according to their conscience.

Back 331

Richard Hooker

Front 332

Just before he took up the post of bishop of Chichester, he was appointed one of the translators of the King James Bible.

Back 332

Lancelot Andrews

Front 333

He was a defender of Anglicanism, he opposed the Puritans and Calvinist Theology. His most famous work was Ninety-Six Sermons.

Back 333

Lancelot Andrews

Front 334

He calculated that the world was created in the year 4004 B.C.

Back 334

James Ussher

Front 335

HE identified the seven true letters from Ignatius of Antioch.

Back 335

James Ussher

Front 336

James Ussher's Theology was _____.

Back 336

Calvinist

Front 337

Even though HE was loyal to the monarchy he was so highly regarded that Cromwell ordered that HE should have a state funeral in Westminster Abbey.

Back 337

James Ussher

Front 338

After the Battle of Naseby HE became a chaplain in Cromwell's army, HE actually opposed the republican movement and worked to sabotage it from within and when that didn't work he resigned from the army.

Back 338

Richard Baxter

Front 339

Even though HE opposed Republicanism HE was still unhappy with episcopal practice and when he was offered a bishopric, after the Restoration of Charles II, He turned it down.

Back 339

Richard Baxter

Front 340

The conference in which Richard Baxter spoke for Puritan interests but failed and 2,000 Puritan clergy were forced to leave the Church after THIS CONFERENCE.

Back 340

Savoy Conference

Front 341

Puritan who wrote a paraphrase of the New Testament for which he was determined by Judge Jeffreys, to be libeling the Church of England. HE was fined and when HE couldn't pay HE spent 18 months in jail.

Back 341

Richard Baxter

Front 342

HE invented the calculator, the theory of probability, a law of physics (which made possible all of today's hydraulic equipment), the first wristwatch and even set up the first bus route in Paris.

Back 342

Blaise Pascal

Front 343

When HE died before he was able to finish HIS book Apology for the Christian Religion, HIS notes were published as Pensees. It put the case for Christianity against the rationalism of the day.

Back 343

Blaise Pascal

Front 344

Most of the philosophers of HIS day held to an abstract view of the world, but HE concentrated on fact and objectivity. So HE said that if you are talking about knowing God, experience had to play a larger part than metaphysical speculation.

Back 344

Blaise Pascal

Front 345

HE ridiculed the Jesuit idea of 'probabilism' which he believed was making light of sin.

Back 345

Blaise Pascal

Front 346

Jesuit belief that if one reputable authority (a Jesuit) said that something wasn't a sin, then others had to be lenient.

Back 346

probabilism'

Front 347

Author of then Pilgrim's Progress.

Back 347

John Bunyan

Front 348

Fought on the side of the parliamentary army in the English Civil War, and when he refused to stop preaching when Charles II returned to the Throne he was imprisoned.

Back 348

John Bunyan

Front 349

HE was a child genius - was fluent in Latin, Greek and Hebrew by the time he was thirteen. HE went to study at Yale and then became a tutor there when he was just twenty-one.

Back 349

Johnathan Edwards

Front 350

HE succeeded HIS grandfather as the pastor at the Congregational Church in North Hampton, Massachusetts, in the 18th Century.

Back 350

Johnathan Edwards

Front 351

HIS sermons sparked a revival that was the beginning of the Great Awakening.

Back 351

Johnathan Edwards

Front 352

When HE started to impose restrictions on who was allowed to take Communion in HE was discharged from HIS church.

Back 352

Johnathan Edwards

Front 353

After becoming a missionary to Indians, HE was invited to be the president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton) where he was inoculated for smallpox, but died of the side effects.

Back 353

Johnathan Edwards

Front 354

HE was a radical Calvinist. In HIS famous book Freedom of the Will, HE taught that man was morally impotent: "What he lacks is not the ability to do good, but the will or the desire."

Back 354

Johnathan Edwards

Front 355

HE became a Christian when he heard Luther's preface to Romans being read at a religious society in Aldersgate, London.

Back 355

John Wesley

Front 356

HE was banned by Bristol's Bishop Butler from evangelizing in his diocese.

Back 356

John Wesley

Front 357

By the end of HIS life he had travelled over 200,000 miles and preached over 40,000 sermons, mostly in the open air.

Back 357

John Wesley

Front 358

HE always saw Methodism as a renewal movement within the Church, but he was forced to develop a network of local preachers, covering all of England by 1751.

Back 358

John Wesley

Front 359

The founder of Methodism.

Back 359

John Wesley

Front 360

John Wesley preached justification by faith but linked this with the pursuit of holiness, leading to the doctrine of __________.

Back 360

Christian perfection

Front 361

This belief is a subsequent experience after salvation, that results in believers having sin permanently removed from them.

Back 361

Christian perfection

Front 362

Leader of the evangelical revival in England in the 18th & 19th centuries.

Back 362

Charles Simeon

Front 363

Vicar to Holy Trinity, Cambridge, where HE experienced a lot of opposition to HIS message of personal conversion and systematic Bible teaching.

Back 363

Charles Simeon

Front 364

HE was one of the people who set up the Church Missionary Society (as it was then known) and supported the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Back 364

Charles Simeon

Front 365

HIS main achievement was to establish the evangelical party in the Church of England.

Back 365

Charles Simeon

Front 366

HE has been described as a "child of Romanticism," because his theology was based on feelings and emotions.

Back 366

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 367

HE taught that it wasn't so important what the Bible taught: what was of paramount importance was our consciousness of God, and of course that could vary from country to country and religion to religion.

Back 367

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 368

HE did not believe religious text could be relied on, HE believed what could be relied on was the sense of "God-consciousness" in us all.

Back 368

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 369

HE interpreted sin as not being dependent on one's sense of God.

Back 369

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 370

HE did not believe Christ was actually God, but he did believe Christ lived his life completely dependent upon God.

Back 370

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 371

HE felt religion could survive if it was made a personal, inward discipline, rather than something that could be analyzed in the classroom. To discover truth about it you had to start with yourself.

Back 371

Friedrich Schleiermacher

Front 372

HE was a famous convert from Angilicanism to Roman Catholicism.

Back 372

John Henry Newman

Front 373

While the Vicar of St. Mary's at Oxford he began to move away from the reformation toward Catholicism.

Back 373

John Henry Newman

Front 374

HE became the leader of the new Oxford Movement or the Tractarians (because they published Tracts of our Times).

Back 374

John Henry Newman

Front 375

The Tracts of Our Times were a series of publications that celebrated the _______ wing of the Church.

Back 375

Anglo-Catholic

Front 376

HE began to call the Church of England "our stepmoter" as he began to move toward Rome and the Church of England began to distance from HIM.

Back 376

John Henry Newman

Front 377

In a Letter to the Duke of Norfolk, he pointed out the dangers of the doctrine of papal infallibility, but it didn't seem to harm him, as he was appointed cardinal by Pope Leo XIII.

Back 377

John Henry Newman

Front 378

The founder of "Existentialism."

Back 378

Soren Kierkegaard

Front 379

HIS "existentialism" started as a reaction against the formalism of religion. HE believed it was almost impossible to be a real Christian in a Christian society where everyone was regarded as a Christian.

Back 379

Soren Kierkegaard

Front 380

HE was appalled by superficial Christianity--or "nominalism"--but some theologians think he went to far by making faith into a subjective, personal thing. They pointed out that he dismissed the quest for the historical Jesus.

Back 380

Soren Kierkegaard

Front 381

HE did see the reality of sin, but this was a reaction against the Lutheran Church, which HE saw as being too "friendly" with God. For HIM there was a huge gulf between man and God and reducing the concept of sin was denying the Christian message.

Back 381

Soren Kierkegaard

Front 382

HE rejected Schleiermacher's emphasis on experience. HE believed it was too speculative and flimsy and that if there was any truth in the experiential line it had to be rooted in history somewhere, BUT at the same time he argued that religious views were no more than value judgements, so if it appealed to you then it was probably true.

Back 382

Albrecht Ritschl

Front 383

HE believed that individuals could not make faith value judgements. The Church was important, and what the Church said was important. So rather than leaving everyone to work out their own salvation, HE said that salvation was only available through the church.

Back 383

Albrecht Ritschl

Front 384

HE denied original sin and said that we could all live holy lives, if only we try. This meant that Jesus was doing was not paying back a debt to God, he was only showing us an example.

Back 384

Albrecht Ritschl

Front 385

HE has been described as perhaps the most influential theologian of HIS era in the liberal develoment of theology. (second half of the 19th century)

Back 385

Albrecht Ritschl

Front 386

HE believed that when you stripped away the layers, every religious experience could be explained in natural terms.

Back 386

Albrecht Ritschl

Front 387

German church historian who argued that the Gospels presented a system of ethics that underlined the notion of the universal human brotherhood.

Back 387

Adolf Von Harnack

Front 388

One of HIS key ideas was that the real message of the gospel was that humanity was united by a common appreciation of right and wrong. The teachings of Jesus showed that, and no more no less.

Back 388

Adolf Von Harnack

Front 389

HE was a student of the pre-Nicene period of church history and HE argued that the truth of the early Church had been vandalized by the influence of Greek ideas. He thought the church had fallen prey to metaphysics.

Back 389

Adolf Von Harnack

Front 390

Idea that the early church had been vandalized by the influence of Greek ideas.

Back 390

Hellenization of the gospel

Front 391

Though many of HIS ideas were liberal he surprised many people by advocating early dates for the Synoptic Gospels and for the book of Acts.

Back 391

Adolf Von Harnack

Front 392

HE believed that creation itself was the process of evolution and sin was just the by-product of that.

Back 392

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Front 393

HE believed that we are all working our way to perfection and reconciliation with God, through Christ, whom he called the "Omega Point."

Back 393

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Front 394

HE believed evolution continued in its own direction, but when man came along he started to interfere with it and so we have to correct our mistakes. Nevertheless, history is moving to its climax in line with the will of God and Omega, who HE believed, is Christ, has a cosmological role to play.

Back 394

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Front 395

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's evolutionary ideas fit well with the new development of ___________.

Back 395

Process Theology

Front 396

Though Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's ideas were at first resisted by the Jesuit leaders, many of his works were published after his death and actually influenced the Second ________.

Back 396

Vatican Council

Front 397

German New Testament Scholar famous for "demythologizing" the New Testament.

Back 397

Rudolf Bultmann

Front 398

HE believed that the miracles of the New Testament were just stories that may or may not communicate spiritual truths.

Back 398

Rudolf Bultmann

Front 399

Rudolf Bultmann was enamored with the _____________ school of thought.

Back 399

form criticism

Front 400

A theology that examined the Bible and identified where various strands were likely to have come from. (not accepting traditional authorship)

Back 400

form criticism

Front 401

Believed by some to be the source from which Matthew & Luke compiled their Gospels.

Back 401

Q

Front 402

There wasn't much left of the New Testament that Rudolf Bultmann took to be reliable from a __________.

Back 402

historical perspective

Front 403

Neo-orthodox Swiss theologian who broke with liberalism which was the prevailing mood of the Church in the first half of the 20th century.

Back 403

Karl Barth

Front 404

HIS theology moved in a new direction, although it was really an old direction. He advocated a more emotional and spiritual approach to theology. (First Half of the 20th Century)

Back 404

Karl Barth

Front 405

HE drew a distinction between religion and revelation. HIS idea was that the only way to really know God was to receive, by the grace of God, a revelation from God. Our efforts at discovering God would be fruitless, because it was only by God's revealing himself that we could know anything. And the only revelation that meant anything in human history was the revelation of Jesus Christ.

Back 405

Karl Barth

Front 406

HIS theology went against the liberal trend holding that there could be no meeting of the minds with other religions. (Early 20th Century Europe)

Back 406

Karl Barth

Front 407

HIS theology was influenced by Luther and Calvin but also by Soren Kierkegaard.

Back 407

Karl Barth

Front 408

In HIS commentary on Romans HE reaffirmed the old teachings, including the sovereignty of God, original sin, and revelation.

Back 408

Karl Barth

Front 409

HIS commentary on Romans and his other writings were radical, mainly because he refused to agree that Christianity was a religion comparable to other religions.

Back 409

Karl Barth

Front 410

HE reacted against natural theology, arguing that people must simply accept that they are sinners and repent of it.

Back 410

Karl Barth

Front 411

HE spoke out against Hitler. The Nazis kicked HIM out of Germany and he moved back to Switzerland.

Back 411

Karl Barth

Front 412

Karl Barth was the man mainly responsible for THIS DOCUMENT, in which the German churches apologized for not standing up to Hitler.

Back 412

Barmen Declaration

Front 413

Christians in Germany who did oppose Hitler.

Back 413

Confessing Church

Front 414

20th Century German Theologian who was deeply affected by HIS experiences in World War I as an army chaplain where he twice recived the Iron Cross.

Back 414

Paul Tillich

Front 415

Hitler had him banned from teaching because he was associated with the "Religious Socialists."

Back 415

Paul Tillich

Front 416

When he fled Germany to America, thanks to Reinhold Niebuhr, he became professor of phiosophical theology and Union Theological Seminary in New York.

Back 416

Paul Tillich

Front 417

HE was very progressive and disagreed with Barth and others and invented a new kind of thinking, which he called the "method of correlation."

Back 417

Paul Tillich

Front 418

Paul Tillich's new method of thinking where you start with the questions of modern people are asking and then give them answers based on eternal truths.

Back 418

"Method of Correlation"

Front 419

HE went so far as to say that one couldn't say that God exists, because to say that "God exists" is too weak, for it puts God on the same level as everyday objects.

Back 419

Paul Tillich

Front 420

American Theologian who confronted Henry Ford in 1927 on how little he paid his workers and how many he laid off.

Back 420

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 421

HE was an advocate of "Christian realism" and in this he followed in the footsteps of Karl Barth and Emil Brunner.

Back 421

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 422

American Theologian who said that Christianity had to be relevant to everyday situations. HE was also famous for because HE spoke about the docrine of original sin, a doctrine which had fallen out of favor among theologians and and philosophers.

Back 422

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 423

An American Neo-orthodox theologian who advocated some elements of socialism.

Back 423

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 424

HE said "Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible, but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary."

Back 424

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 425

HE wrote the prayer used by Alcoholics Anonymous "God grant me the grace to accept with serenity the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference."

Back 425

Reinhold Niebuhr

Front 426

German Jesuit theologian who developed the concept of the "anonymous Christian.

Back 426

Karl Rahner

Front 427

HE was influenced by the philosopher Heidegger and taught that divine grace can only be fully understood when it is experienced.

Back 427

Karl Rahner

Front 428

HE said in 1302 "It is altogether necessary to salvation for every human creature to be subject to the Roman pontiff [pope]."

Back 428

Pope Boniface VIII

Front 429

HE stated, in 1854, that being subject to the pope was necessary for salvation to everyone except those who were ignorant of the Christian message, so long as they were not responsible for their ignorance.

Back 429

Pope Pius IX

Front 430

Jesuit theologian who was an advisor to Vatican II.

Back 430

Karl Rahner

Front 431

HE taught that even people who had not heard the Christian message could be saved, HE said the grace of Jesus Christ could reach them through their consciences, or even through a non-Christian religion.

Back 431

Karl Rahner

Front 432

Karl Rahner wrote "The' ______________' in our sense of the term, is the pagan after the beginning of the Christian mission, who lives in the state of Christ's grace through faith, hope and love, yet who has no explicit knowledge of the fact that his life is orientated in grace-giving salvation to Jesus Christ."

Back 432

anonymous Christian

Front 433

This concept influenced Liberation Theology and even the World Council of Churches, because the Church is justified in refocusing her religious mission in favor of political and economic injustices.

Back 433

the "anonymous Christian"

Front 434

German pastor/theologian who spoke out againt Hitler and the Nazis, HE was eventually forbidden from preaching, writing or publishing.

Back 434

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 435

German church set up to prevent the domination of the church by the Nazi Party.

Back 435

"Confessing Church"

Front 436

When he was no longer able to preach or write in Germany HE joined the resistence against the Nazis and even helped in the plot to assassinate Hitler.

Back 436

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 437

Being friends with the English bishop George Bell, HE tried to mediate between his fellow Germans, who opposed Hitler, and the British government.

Back 437

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 438

HE was arrested in 1943 and taken into custody by the Gestapo. On April 8, 1945, just before the end of the war, he was hanged and his famous last words were, "this is the end--for me the beginning of life."

Back 438

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 439

German Theologian who wanted a "mature faith" and a "religionless" Christianity.

Back 439

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 440

German Pastor/Theologian who upset some evangelists, who HE thought tried to convert people by making them aware of their sin.

Back 440

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 441

Some critics believed HE was like Bultmann but HE believed Bultmann had gone too far, in an attempt to strip away everthing but the essence of Christianity, Bultmann had stripped away much that was truth.

Back 441

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 442

German Pastor/Theologian who objected to the idea that "this world is not our home." HE said that the world was important and we neglect it at our peril. HE also reacted against the individualism of modern Christianity.

Back 442

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Front 443

He became a professor of theology at Heidelberg, but when he attacked the Nazis he was dismissed from his post in 1940.

Back 443

Helmut Thielicke

Front 444

HE told the Nazis that their quest would end in tears because independence from God could only result in meaninglessness. He survived to tell the tale.

Back 444

Helmut Thielicke

Front 445

HE thought that people like Bultmann, Tillich, and Schleiermacher were Cartesian theologians and were starting off from the wrong point, by starting their theological quest with man.

Back 445

Helmut Thielicke

Front 446

HE believed that if man was considered so advanced, he would only be able to accept interpretations about God that were logical to him. HE believed this ruled out any revelation from God that does not conform to laws of physics or biology or chemestry. HE believed this put man in control of theological study and HE believed that was wrong.

Back 446

Helmut Thielicke

Front 447

German Theologian wh tried to find a middle ground in the interpretation of scripture. HE found a way of interpretating the faith to modern man without losing its essential message.

Back 447

Helmut Thielicke

Front 448

HE said "Man becomes a holy thing, a neighbor, only if we realize that he is the property of God and that Jesus Christ died for him."

Back 448

Helmut Thielicke

Front 449

This German theologian was influential in the liberation theology movement especially with his book The Theology of Hope, published in 1965.

Back 449

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 450

This German theologian believed that Christ's resurrection was the beginning of God's work at reshaping society.

Back 450

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 451

HE opposed the concept of the "impassibility of God."

Back 451

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 452

A technical term that means that God is unchanging, but it also means that God can't suffer.

Back 452

the "impassibility of God"

Front 453

HE believed that God could change himself and that He could allow others to cause him to suffer. HE said that if God could not suffer we could not talk about him being a God of love.

Back 453

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 454

HE believed that God was involved in the suffering of his people, but not just from the cross also in the struggle of the poor, downtrodden and abandoned as they struggle for liberation.

Back 454

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 455

HE believed that exchatology should be at the center of the Christian faith. HE believed the Christian story was the promise of what was to come, the hope to which we could look forward. Inherent in that was the need to work towards that future now, hence liberation.

Back 455

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 456

This theologian entered into entered into dialogue with Marxists, because HE saw Jesus identifying with people who challenged quo, and so he believed HE could talk to Marxist on a philisophical level. HE also saw areas of agreement with Marxists.

Back 456

Jurgen Moltmann

Front 457

HE was the theologian who put Liberation Theology on the map.

Back 457

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 458

Theological movement that grew out of the political climate of Latin America in the 1950s and 60s.

Back 458

Liberation Theology

Front 459

HE thought that the Bible taught socio-political liberation. HE complained that the Church spiritualized passages of the Bible rendering them meaningless when it came to issues such as poverty.

Back 459

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 460

Latin American Priest who wanted people to take the words of Jesus seriously and literally, and that meant taking politicla action.

Back 460

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 461

HIS book, A Theology of Liberation, published in 1971, became the most important book on the subject.

Back 461

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 462

This Liberation theologian surprised many conservatives with his serious approach to the Bible texts.

Back 462

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 463

HE believed Bible interpretation should not start with the text but with the people, with concrete situations rather than abstract theory.

Back 463

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 464

HE did not believe that theology could be universal. The Bible had to be interpreted in the context of place and time.

Back 464

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 465

HE is regarded as the most important figure in the Liberation Theology movement.

Back 465

Gustavo Gutierrez

Front 466

Liberation Theology could be seen as the culmination of all that had happening in theology from the end of the _________.

Back 466

Second Vatican Council

Front 467

HE was highly influential in the preparations for the Second Vatican Council, indeed, he came to prominence after HIS book, Justification: The Doctrine of Karl Barth and a Catholic Reflection.

Back 467

Hans Kung

Front 468

HE claimed that there was no irreconcilable difference between Barth's view and the teaching of the Council of Trent.

Back 468

Hans Kung

Front 469

As a result of HIS book and teaching, the consensus grew that justification by faith alone was acceptable Catholic teaching, and so had ramifications for their relationships with the other churches.

Back 469

Hans Kung

Front 470

HE was made adviser to the Second Vatican Council and many of his ideas came to fruition there.

Back 470

Hans Kung

Front 471

This Catholic argued that the doctrine of papal infallibility was indefensible.

Back 471

Hans Kung

Front 472

HE wanted a new definition of infallibility, that the Church was "indefectible"--that is, that God keeps her in the truth even among error. So even if the Church makes mistakes God would ultimately keep her in truth.

Back 472

Hans Kung

Front 473

Because of HIS position on Papal infallibility, in 1979, the Church under Pope John Paul II, deemed HIM no longer to be a Catholic Theologian.

Back 473

Hans Kung

Front 474

HE was not excommunicated and HE was allowed to continue to teach even though HE was declared not to be a Catholic Theologian.

Back 474

Hans Kung

Front 475

This German theologian was a student of Barth's but later distanced himself from Barth's "revelational positivism."

Back 475

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 476

Barth's belief that Christian truth is understood by revelation, if you don't believe you won't understand the message of the gospel.

Back 476

"revelational positivism"

Front 477

HE said that the Christian message had to be logical and credible and could be understood by anyone, whether they believed or not.

Back 477

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 478

HE objected to those who were saying that a historical Jesus was unimportant and that what really mattered was the spiritual significance of his life. HE said that view made Christianity an exclusive subject removed from the rest of the world.

Back 478

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 479

In HIS book Revelation as History he made the case that the life of Jesus, and in particular his resurrection, could be proved and that faith came from looking at the facts, and not the other way around.

Back 479

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 480

HE believed people should look at Jesus of Nazareth first and then ask how he could be God. For HIM the proof of his diety is to be found in the resurrection.

Back 480

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 481

In 1964 HE published Jesus--God and Man, in which HE claimed that the study of history could provide evidence for the divinity of Jesus.

Back 481

Wolfhart Pannenberg

Front 482

When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man HE was thrust into the spotlight.

Back 482

Martin Luther King Jr.

Front 483

HE was brought up in the black evangelical movement, he was influenced by the social gospel movement and by Mahatma Gandhi. In HIS volatile situation HE preached the power of Christian love over hate.

Back 483

Martin Luther King Jr.

Front 484

HE was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis.

Back 484

Martin Luther King Jr.

Front 485

Replaced Martin Luther King Jr. after his assassination in speaking to the World Council of Churches, resulting in the WCC setting up a program to Combat Racism.

Back 485

James Baldwin

Front 486

Brazilian Franciscan theologian who became influential in the field of Liberation Theology.

Back 486

Leonardo Boff

Front 487

HE believed that when Christ was revealed it was not words so much as the Word, the liberation of God's people, that was announced. Therefore, it follows that the Church should be more concerned with radical action than with the content of sermons.

Back 487

Leonardo Boff

Front 488

HE believed that the Holy Spirit would empower the Church much more than any clerical hierarchy ever could. And so he wanted to limit the role of the hierarchy.

Back 488

Leonardo Boff

Front 489

HE was called to the Vatican, who were worried at what they saw as the "Liberation Theologians supping with Marx, only with a long spoon."

Back 489

Leonardo Boff

Front 490

This Liberation theologian was summoned to the Vatican and banned from speaking or publishing for a year.

Back 490

Leonardo Boff

Front 491

A list of doctrinal beliefs accepted by the Church of England as defining orthodoxy.

Back 491

39 Articles

Front 492

People who believe that one cannot know if there is a God or not.

Back 492

Agnostics

Front 493

Narrative used to identify another reality.

Back 493

Allegory

Front 494

Interpreting the Bible by identifying the spiritual realities symbolized there.

Back 494

Allegorical Method

Front 495

This method arose as a reaction against a literal reading of the text. (scriptures)

Back 495

Allegorical Method

Front 496

Anamnesis

Back 496

Memorial

Front 497

A formal curse by a pope or church council denouncing a doctrine.

Back 497

Anathema

Front 498

A group of books accepted from an early date as canonical, but nevertheless controversial because they do not appear in the Hebrew Old Testament.

Back 498

Apocrypha

Front 499

Many do not recognize them as canonical, but the Roman Catholic Church does.

Back 499

Apocrypha

Front 500

The defense of Christian beliefs.

Back 500

Apologetics

Front 501

From the Greek word apostello meaning to send.

Back 501

Apostles

Front 502

It referred originally to the disciples but in Hebrews 3:11, it also referred to Christ.

Back 502

Apostles

Front 503

The reconciliation of man to God through the sacrifice of Christ.

Back 503

Atonement

Front 504

It literally means 'at-one-ment'.

Back 504

Atonement

Front 505

A recognized collection of books comprising Holy Scripture.

Back 505

Canon

Front 506

In the Middle Ages '________ law' came to distinguish chruch law from secular law.

Back 506

Canon

Front 507

Member of clergy associated with a cathedral or collegiate church.

Back 507

Canon

Front 508

A decree

Back 508

Canon

Front 509

In the Church of England, this is the main body of Church law.

Back 509

Canons

Front 510

St. Basil the Great, St. Gregory of Nazianzus and St. Gregory of Nyssa.

Back 510

Cappadocian Fathers

Front 511

They succeeded in defeating Arianism.

Back 511

Cappadocian Fathers

Front 512

General or universal.

Back 512

Catholic

Front 513

Since the Reformation it has been used by the Roman Church, particularly, to refer to the Roman Church alone.

Back 513

Catholic

Front 514

The study of the person of Christ.

Back 514

Christology

Front 515

Figures such as Tertullian and Origen were cited from the time of the Cappadocian Fathers as proofs of orthodoxy.

Back 515

Church Fathers

Front 516

Not all of THEM (dating from the first five centuries) were orthodox and the term has more use as a popular term than as an official appellation.

Back 516

Church Fathers

Front 517

Is another term for the Eucharist or Mass.

Back 517

Communion

Front 518

Meaning the fellowship of Christians, the body of Christ.

Back 518

Communion

Front 519

A religious rite that confirms the gift of the Holy Spirit at Baptism.

Back 519

Confirmation

Front 520

A meeting of bishops from the Church worldwide to regulate practice or doctrine.

Back 520

Council

Front 521

Is held to be the highest human authority for the Church.

Back 521

General Council

Front 522

One term for local, national, or denominational meetings.

Back 522

Synods

Front 523

Beginning at the time of Luther, this was a movement to reinvigorate and reform the Roman Catholic Church.

Back 523

Counter Reformation

Front 524

Was also know as the Roman Reformation.

Back 524

Counter Reformation

Front 525

The position that the Pentateuch was compiled from four sources, J, E, D, and P.

Back 525

Documentary Hypothesis

Front 526

In the Documentary Hypothesis this term refers to almost all of the book of Deuteronomy.

Back 526

"D"

Front 527

Servant or minister. In church order, this role comes after bishop and priest (or 'presbyter') see Acts 6:1-6

Back 527

Deacon

Front 528

A legislative assembly. In church language.

Back 528

Diet

Front 529

A title given to outstanding Christian theologians.

Back 529

Doctor of the Church

Front 530

The list contains thirty names, but the four pre-eminent members: are Gregory the Great, Ambrose, Augustine of Hippo, and Jerome.

Back 530

Doctors of the Church

Front 531

A North African schismatic group from the 4th to the 17th century who believed that only those who lived holy lives were Christians.

Back 531

Donatists

Front 532

In the Documentary Hypothesis this term refers to passages that use the term 'Elohim' for God, and scholars think this came later than the J passages.

Back 532

"E"

Front 533

The act of God in choosing people.

Back 533

Election

Front 534

The term was popularized by Augustine but it was Calvin who stressed God's part in choosing people, irrespective of merit or works.

Back 534

Election

Front 535

A term referring to the full establishment of the Church of England (during the years 1559-63) under the reign of Elizabeth I.

Back 535

Elizabethan Settlement

Front 536

A law passed in 1919 by the British Parliament that allows the Church of England to order its own affairs, subject to the control of Parliament.

Back 536

Enabling Act

Front 537

From the Greek word eucharistia, meaning 'thanksgiving'. It refers in Christian practice to Holy Communion.

Back 537

Eucharist

Front 538

From the Greek word euangelion, meaning 'good news.' The term now refers to those churches and Christians who stress the necessity of teaching the Gospel of Christ as a means of salvation.

Back 538

Evangelical

Front 539

Originally a title given to bishops, it is now used widely as a term for priests.

Back 539

Father

Front 540

The process to get behind the original structure of biblical texts, particularly, to get the oral stage of the Gospel tradition.

Back 540

Form criticism

Front 541

A Greek word meaning 'of like substance.'

Back 541

Homoiousion

Front 542

A Greek word meaning 'of one substance.'

Back 542

Homoousion

Front 543

A Greek word whose meaning was of much debate.

Back 543

Hypostasis

Front 544

In the Documentary Hypothesis this term refers to those passages that use the word 'Jehovah' or YHWH to refer to God.

Back 544

"J"

Front 545

The process of man being declared righteous in the eyes of God.

Back 545

Justification

Front 546

The sacred book of the Islamic faith.

Back 546

Koran

Front 547

A movement that developed among Roman Catholic theologians in Latin America in the 1960s.

Back 547

Liberation Theology

Front 548

Roman Catholic theological movement that stressed dealing with physical as well as spiritual poverty.

Back 548

Liberation Theology

Front 549

A Latin term for the liturgical celebration of the Eucharist.

Back 549

Mass

Front 550

A traditional story, often involving a supernatural element, but not necessarily untrue.

Back 550

Myth

Front 551

This set of beliefs came originally from the Council of Nicaea.

Back 551

Nicene Creed

Front 552

The Council of Nicaea was held in what year?

Back 552

AD 325

Front 553

This set of beliefs was designed to counter Arianism.

Back 553

Nicene Creed

Front 554

A slightly different form of the Nicene Creed is used in churches today missing out on the _____.

Back 554

anathemas

Front 555

The refusal to conform to the doctrine and dogma of any established church.

Back 555

Nonconformity

Front 556

This term originally referred to those who refused to accept the authority of the Church of England but is now applied to dissenters in general.

Back 556

Nonconformity

Front 557

An oath that Church of England clergy make to the monarch, aknowledging the sovereign as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Back 557

Oath of Allegiance

Front 558

A Greek word, referring to 'the inhabited world', now refers to the whole Christian world.

Back 558

Oecumenical

Front 559

The more modern spelling of this word 'ecumenical' is more commonly used.

Back 559

Oecumenical

Front 560

The Archbishop of Constantinople is known as the ________.

Back 560

Oecumenical Patriarch

Front 561

From the Latin word 'oratorium', meaning place of prayer.

Back 561

Oratory

Front 562

In the Documentary Hypothesis this term is used for the strand that is said to contain the 'Priestly' material. Some scholars claim that it contains the latest material from the Pentateuch.

Back 562

"P"

Front 563

A word referring to the father or leader of a tribe.

Back 563

Patriarch

Front 564

Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are the three most famous _________.

Back 564

patriarchs

Front 565

In Christian terms it means the bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem.

Back 565

patriarchs

Front 566

In recent times this term has been awarded to leaders of self-governing churches in the East.

Back 566

Patriarch

Front 567

The first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

Back 567

Pentateuch

Front 568

The doctrine as to who is 'foreordained' to salvation.

Back 568

Predestination

Front 569

The activity of the Holy Spirit in bringing God's grace to people at the point of making a choice about salvation.

Back 569

Prevenient

Front 570

The term dates from the issuing of a decree by five princes and fourteen cities in 1529 protesting the lack of reforms in the Church.

Back 570

Protestant

Front 571

This term is later used to contrast Lutheran (______) with Calvinist (Reformed).

Back 571

Protestant

Front 572

In the modern world the term is all-embracing for Christians who are not Roman Catholic or Orthodox.

Back 572

Protestant

Front 573

Their beliefs often include a high regard for the Bible as the only authority for church life, the priesthood of all believers and a stress on justification by faith alone.

Back 573

Protestants

Front 574

English Protestants who were unhappy with the Elizabethan Settlement and wanted further reform along the lines of Calvin's Geneva model.

Back 574

Puritans

Front 575

They demanded explicit scriptural warrant for any church practice and rejected all else as superstition, popish or anti-Christian. Consequently they placed emphasis on a table for Holy Communion rather than an altar, and on Sunday observance, and opposed vestments, icons and the sign of the cross.

Back 575

Puritans

Front 576

From the German word Quelle, meaning 'source' it is used by some scholars to identify a source for various passages in the Synoptic Gospels.

Back 576

"Q"

Front 577

It is believed that IT is a separate document that was used by the Gospel writers to compile their accounts of Christ. (believed by some)

Back 577

"Q"

Front 578

The doctrine that bread and wine in the Eucharist do actually become the body and blood of Christ. (not transubstantiation)

Back 578

Real Presence

Front 579

A general term referring to a variety of changes in church life between the 14th and 17th centuries.

Back 579

Reformation

Front 580

It is believed to have begun with the Lollards, but is also found expression through Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin. The movement swept through Europe and nearly every country was affected.

Back 580

Reformation

Front 581

The 18th-century move away from rationalism in Europe.

Back 581

Romanticism

Front 582

IT fed the theology of Schleiermacher and Coleridge in its flight from the Enlightenment.

Back 582

Romanticism

Front 583

The devotion of the human heart to Jesus. It is thought to have emerged from the account of the wound on Christ's side. Since 1765 it has been a feast of the Roman Catholic Church.

Back 583

Sacred Heart

Front 584

A form of theological inquiry that operates by positing two contradictory statements and applying logic to uncover the synthesized meaning inherent in the two statements.

Back 584

Scholasticism

Front 585

The reproduction of the wounds of Christ on the human body.

Back 585

Stigmata

Front 586

A council of the church or group of churches.

Back 586

Synod

Front 587

Matthew, Mark and Luke because they report the life of Christ in a similar, systematic way in comparison to the more personal, narrative style of John.

Back 587

Synoptic Gospels

Front 588

A Greek word meaning 'God bearer', a title for the Virgin Mary.

Back 588

Theotokos

Front 589

A belief that rejects the divinity of Christ and denies the Trinity. (not Arianism)

Back 589

Unitarian

Front 590

In the Roman Catholic Church this is a description of a deceased person at one stage of the canonization process.

Back 590

Venerable

Front 591

In the Church of England the term refers to archdeacons.

Back 591

Venerable

Front 592

WCC

Back 592

The World Council of Churches.