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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do proteins go to their destination?
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signal sequence - 35AA region
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which proteins are involved in transport into the nucleus?
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nuclear import receptor
Ran-GTP proteins with nuclear localization signal |
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what regulates the levels of Ran-GTP/GDP in cytosol?
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GTPase activating protein (GAP)
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what regulates the levels of Ran-GTP/GDP in nucleus?
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guanine exchange factors (GEF)
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which proteins are located on the outer mitochondrial membrane?
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TOM complex
SAM complex |
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which proteins are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
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TIM23 complex and Hsp70 import ATPase
TIM22 complex OXA complex |
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what keeps the protein unfolded?
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Hsc70
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zellweger syndrome
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peroxisome transport disorder
mutation in Pex2 = empty peroxisomes |
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what proteins are involved in synthesis of secretory proteins?
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70AA N-terminal region/sequence
ribosome SRP SRP receptor Translocator signal peptidase |
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types of secretory transport proteins
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clathrin
COPI COPII |
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proteins involved in vesicle formation and fusion
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coat recruitment GTPases
Rab proteins SNARE proteins |
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I-cell disease
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lysosomal storage
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N-linked
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larger and more complex oligosaccharides
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O-linked
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glycosylation at Ser-OH, or Thr-OH
1-4 sugar residues |
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how is a big oligosaccharide synthesized?
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transfers over from dolichol to asparagine
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what causes hereditary emphysema?
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mutation in alpha1-trypsin
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what happens when nerves release ACh into the walls of blood vessels?
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smooth M relaxation
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How is NO created naturally in our cells?
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Arginine + NADPH ---(NO synthase)---> citrulline + NO + NADP+
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where is NO synthase found?
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eNOS in endothelial cells
nNOS in nerve cells iNOS in macrophages (inducible) |
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how does NO act independently of cGMP?
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nitrosylation of thiol groups in the following enzymes:
-cytochrome oxidase -ribonucleotide reductase -hydrogenases NO reacts with O radicals --> peroxynitrates KILLS microorganisms |
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how does NO act with cGMP?
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-NO binds to guanylyl cyclase
-Guanylyl cyclase converts GTP to cGMP. -cGMP activates PKG -Active PKG phosphorylates protein (phospholipase C B dependent IP3 formation; inositol gets P) -Inositol moity gets cleaved off -Decreased formation of IP3 -Less Ca2+ released from ER -relaxation of smooth M |
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What do PDEs do?
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Phosphodiesterases convert cGMP to GMP
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What are the different types of PDE and where are they expressed?
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PDE3 = cardiac cells
PDE5 = expandable erectile tissue PDE6 = retina |
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How does viagra work?
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Inhibits PDE5 -> accumulation of cGMP in erectile tissue-> sustained smooth M relaxation -> increases blood flow to the genitals
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What does nitroglycerine do?
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Artificially makes NO -> makes more cGMP -> rapid relaxation of smooth M cells.
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What does HSP90 do?
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Inhibits migration of the receptor into nucleus.
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