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75 Cards in this Set
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abortive infection
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Viral infection in which viruses enter a cell but are unable to express all of their genes to make infectious progeny
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acme
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(sometimes referred to as fulminating) During the illness phase of the disease process, the time of most intense signs and symptoms
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acute disease
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A disease that develops rapidly and runs its course quickly
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adherence
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The attachment of a microorganism to a host’s cell surface
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adhesin
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A protein or glycoprotein on attachment pili (fimbriae) or capsules that helps a microorganism attach to a host cell
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alpha (a) hemolysin
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A type of enzyme that partially lyses red blood cells, leaving a greenish ring in the blood agar medium around the colonies
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alpha (a) hemolysis
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Incomplete lysis of red blood cells by bacterial enzymes
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animal passage
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The rapid transfer of a pathogen through animals of a species susceptible to infection by the pathogen
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bacteremia
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An infection in which bacteria are transported in the blood but do not multiply in transit
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beta (b) hemolysin
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A type of enzyme that completely lyses red blood cells, leaving a clear ring in the blood agar medium around the colonies
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beta (b) hemolysis
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Complete lysis of red blood cells by bacterial enzymes
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chronic disease
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A disease that develops more slowly than an acute disease, is usually less severe, and persists for a long, indeterminate period
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coagulase
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A bacterially produced enzyme that accelerates the coagulation (clotting) of blood
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colonization
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Growth of microorganisms on epithelial surfaces such as skin or mucous membranes
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commensalism
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A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other one neither benefits nor is harmed by the relationship
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communicable infectious disease
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(also called contagious disease) Infectious disease that can be spread from one host to another
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contamination
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The presence of microorganisms on inanimate objects or surfaces of the skin and mucous membranes
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convalescent period or stage
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The stage of an infectious disease during which tissues are repaired, healing takes place, and the body regains strength and recovers
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disease
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A disturbance in the state of health wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions.
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enterotoxigenic strain
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Strain of Escherichia coli carrying a plasmid that enables it to make an enterotoxin
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enterotoxin
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An exotoxin that acts on tissues of the gut
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exotoxin
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A soluble toxin secreted by microbes into their surroundings, including host tissues
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focal infection
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An infection confined to a specific area from which pathogens can spread to other areas
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gamete
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A male or female reproductive cell
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hemolysin
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An enzyme that lyses red blood cells
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hemolysis
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The lysis of red blood cells
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hyaluronidase
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(also called spreading factor) A bacterially produced enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, which helps hold the cells of certain tissues together, thereby making tissues more accessible to microbes
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illness phase
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In an infectious disease, the period during which the individual experiences the typical signs and symptoms of the disease
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immune complex disorder
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(also called immune complex [Type III] hypersensitivity) A disorder caused by antigen-antibody complexes that precipitate in the blood and injure tissues; elicited by antigens in vaccines, on microorganisms, or on a person’s own cells
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immunocompromised
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Referring to an individual whose immune defenses are weakened due to fighting another infectious disease, or because of an immunodeficiency disease or an immunosuppressive agent
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incubation period
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In the stages of an infectious disease, the time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms
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infection
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The multiplication of a parasite organism, usually microscopic, within or upon the host’s body
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infectious disease
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Disease caused by infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths)
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infestation
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The presence of helminths (worms) or arthropods in or on a living host
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intoxication
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The ingestion of a microbial toxin that leads to a disease
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invasive stage (or phase)
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Disease spreads into body from site of entry causing symptoms to appear
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invasiveness
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The ability of a microorganism to take up residence in a host
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leukostatin
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An exotoxin that interferes with the ability of leukocytes to engulf microorganisms that release the toxin
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local infection
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An infection confined to a specific area of the body
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microbial antagonism
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The ability of normal microbiota to compete with pathogenic organisms and in some instances to effectively combat their growth
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mixed infection
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An infection caused by several species of organisms present at the same time
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mutualism
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A form of symbiosis in which two organisms of different species live in a relationship that benefits both of them
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neuron
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A conducting nerve cell
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neurotoxin
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A toxin that acts on nervous system tissues
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noncommunicable infectious disease
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Disease caused by infectious agents but not spread from one host to another
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noninfectious disease
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Disease caused by any factor other than infectious agents
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normal microflora
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Microorganisms that live on or in the body but do not usually cause disease (also called normal flora)
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opportunist
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A species of resident or transient microbiota that does not ordinarily cause disease but can do so under certain conditions
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pathogenicity
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The capacity to produce disease
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persistent viral infection
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The continued production of viruses within the host over many months or years
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primary infection
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An initial infection in a previously healthy person
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prodromal phase
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In an infectious disease, the short period during which nonspecific symptoms such as malaise and headache sometimes appear
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prodrome
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A symptom indicating the onset of a disease
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productive infection
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Viral infection in which viruses enter a cell and produce infectious progeny
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pyrogen
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A substance that acts on the hypothalamus to set the body’s “thermostat” to a higher-than-normal temperature
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resident microflora
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Species of microorganisms that are always present on or in an organism
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secondary infection
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Infection that follows a primary infection, especially in patients weakened by the primary infection
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septicemia
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(also called blood poisoning) An infection caused by rapid multiplication of pathogens in the blood
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sequela
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(plural: sequelae) The aftereffect of a disease; after recovery from it
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sign
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A disease characteristic that can be observed by examining the patient, such as swelling or redness
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St. Louis encephalitis
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Type of viral encephalitis most often seen in humans in the central United States
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streptokinase
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A bacterially produced enzyme that digests (dissolves) blood clots
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subacute disease
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A disease that is intermediate between an acute and a chronic disease
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susceptibility
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The vulnerability of an organism to harm by infectious agents
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symbiosis
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The living together of two different kinds of organisms
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symptom
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A disease characteristic that can be observed or felt only by the patient, such as pain or nausea
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syndrome
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A combination of signs and symptoms that occur together
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systemic infection
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(also called generalized infection) An infection that affects the entire body
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toxemia
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The presence and spread of exotoxins in the blood
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toxin
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Any substance that is poisonous to other organisms
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transient microflora
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Microorganisms that may be present in or on an organism under certain conditions and for certain lengths of time at sites where resident microbiota are found
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transposal of virulence
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A laboratory technique in which a pathogen is passed from its normal host sequentially through many individual members of a new host species, resulting in a lessening or even total loss of its virulence in the original host
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viremia
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An infection in which viruses are transported in the blood but do not multiply in transit
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virulence
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The degree of intensity of the disease produced by a pathogen
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virulence factor
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A structural or physiological characteristic that helps a pathogen cause infection and disease
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