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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bacteriocin
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A protein released by some bacteria that inhibits the growth of other strains of the same or closely related species
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bacteriocinogen
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A plasmid that directs production of a bacteriocin
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bacteriophage
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(also called phage) A virus that infects bacteria
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chromosome mapping
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The identification of the sequence of genes in a chromosome
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clone
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A group of genetically identical cells descending from a single parent cell
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colicin
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A protein released by some strains of Escherichia coli that inhibits growth of other strains of the same organism
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competence factor
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A protein released into the medium that facilitates the uptake of DNA into a bacterial cell
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conjugation
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(1) The transfer of genetic information from one bacterial cell to another by means of conjugation pili. (2) The exchange of information between two ciliates (protists)
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electroporation
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A brief electric pulse produces temporary pores in the cell membrane, allowing entrance of vectors carrying foreign DNA
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F- cell
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Cell lacking the F plasmid; called recipient or female cell
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F pilus
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A bridge formed from an F1 cell to an F2 cell for conjugation
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F plasmid
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Fertility plasmid containing genes directing synthesis of proteins that form an F pilus (sex pilus, or conjugation pilus)
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F' plasmid
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An F plasmid that has been imprecisely separated from the bacterial chromosome so that it carries a fragment of the bacterial chromosome
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F+ cell
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Cell having an F plasmid; called donor or male cell
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gene amplification
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A technique of genetic engineering in which plasmids or bacteriophages carrying a specific gene are induced to reproduce at a rapid rate within host cells
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gene transfer
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Movement of genetic information between organisms by transformation, transduction, or conjugation
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generalized transduction
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Type of transduction in which a fragment of DNA from the degraded chromosome of an infected bacteria cell is accidentally incorporated into a new phage particle during viral replication and thereby transferred to another bacterial cell
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genetic engineering
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The use of various techniques to purposefully manipulate genetic material to alter the characteristics of an organism in a desired way
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genetic fusion
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A technique of genetic engineering that allows transposition of genes from one location on a chromosome to another location; the coupling of genes from two different operons
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high frequency of recombination (Hfr) strain
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A strain of F+ bacteria in which the F plasmid is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome
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hybridoma
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A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a cancer cell with another cell, usually an antibody-producing white blood cell
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initiating segment
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That part of the F plasmid that is transferred to the recipient cell in conjugation with an Hfr bacterium
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lateral gene transfer
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Genes pass from one organism to another within the same generation
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lysis
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The destruction of a cell by the rupture of a cell or plasma membrane, resulting in the loss of cytoplasm
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lysogen
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The combination of a bacterium and a temperate phage
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lysogenic
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Pertaining to a bacterial cell in the state of lysogeny
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lysogeny
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The ability of temperate bacteriophages to persist in a bacterium by the integration of the viral DNA into the host chromosome and without the replication of new viruses or cell lysis
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lytic cycle
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The sequence of events in which a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell, replicates, and eventually causes lysis of the cell
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monoclonal antibody
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A single, pure antibody produced in the laboratory by a clone of cultured hybridoma cells
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plasmid
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(also called extrachromosomal DNA) A small, circular, independently replicating piece of DNA in a cell that is not part of its chromosome and can be transferred to another cell
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prophage
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The DNA of a lysogenic phage that has integrated into the host cell chromosome
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protoplast fusion
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A technique of genetic engineering in which genetic material is combined by removing the cell walls of two different types of cells and allowing the resulting protoplasts to fuse
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recombinant DNA
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DNA combined from two different species by restriction enzymes and ligases
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recombination
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The combining of DNA from two different cells, resulting in a recombinant cell
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resistance "R" gene
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A component of a resistance plasmid that confers resistance to a specific antibiotic or to a toxic metal
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resistance "R" plasmid
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(also called R factor) A plasmid that carries genes that provide resistance to various antibiotics or toxic metals
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resistance transfer factor (RTF)
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A component of a resistance plasmid that implements transfer by conjugation of the plasmid
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restriction endonuclease
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An enzyme that cuts DNA at precise base sequences
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restriction enzyme
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Another term for restriction endonuclease
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specialized transduction
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Type of transduction in which the bacterial DNA transduced is limited to one or a few genes lying adjacent to a prophage that are accidentally included when the prophage is excised from the bacterial chromosome
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temperate phage
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A bacteriophage that does not cause a virulent infection; rather, its DNA is incorporated into the host cell chromosome, as a prophage, and replicated with the chromosome
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transduction
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The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage
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transformation
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A change in an organism’s characteristics through the transfer of naked DNA
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transgenic
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State of permanently changing an organism’s characteristics by integrating foreign DNA (genes) into the organism
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transposable element
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A mobile genetic sequence that can move from one plasmid to another plasmid or chromosome
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transposition
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The process whereby certain genetic sequences in bacteria or eukaryotes can move from one location to another
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transposon
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A mobile genetic sequence that contains the genes for transposition as well as one or more other genes not related to transposition
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vector
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(1) A self-replicating carrier of DNA; usually a plasmid, bacteriophage, or eukaryotic virus. (2) An organism that transmits a disease-causing organism from one host to another
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vertical gene transfer
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Genes pass from parents to offspring
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virulent phage
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A bacteriophage that enters the lytic cycle when it infects a bacterial cell, causing eventual lysis and death of the host cell
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