Mcbc 2010 - Chapter 05: Microbiology By Jacqueline G. Black 6Th Edition

Front 1

activation energy

Back 1

The energy required to start a chemical reaction

Front 2

aerobe

Back 2

An organism that uses oxygen, including ones that must have oxygen

Front 3

aerobic respiration

Back 3

Process in which aerobic organisms gain energy from the catabolism of organic molecules via the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Front 4

alcoholic fermentation

Back 4

Fermentation in which pyruvic acid is reduced to ethyl alcohol by electrons from reduced NAD (NADH)

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allosteric site

Back 5

The site at which a noncompetitive inhibitor binds

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amphibolic pathway

Back 6

A metabolic pathway that can yield either energy or building blocks for synthetic reactions

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anabolic pathway

Back 7

A chain of chemical reactions in which energy is used to synthesize biologically important molecules

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anaerobe

Back 8

An organism that does not use oxygen, including some organisms that are killed by exposure to oxygen

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anaerobic respiration

Back 9

Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is an inorganic molecule other than oxygen (e.g., a sulfate, nitrate, etc.)

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apoenzyme

Back 10

The protein portion of an enzyme

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autotrophs

Back 11

Nutritionally deficient mutants that have lost the ability to synthesize a particular enzyme

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autotrophy

Back 12

“Self-feeding”—the use of CO2 as a source of carbon atoms for the synthesis of biomolecules

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beta oxidation

Back 13

A metabolic pathway that breaks down fatty acids into 2-carbon pieces

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catabolic pathway

Back 14

A chain of chemical reactions that capture energy by breaking down large molecules into simpler components

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chemical equilibrium

Back 15

A steady state in which there is no net change in the concentrations of substrates or products

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chemiosmosis

Back 16

Process of energy capture in which a proton gradient is created by means of electron transport and then used to drive the synthesis of ATP

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chemoautotroph

Back 17

An autotroph that obtains energy by oxidizing simple inorganic substances such as sulfides and nitrites

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chemoheterotroph

Back 18

A heterotroph that obtains energy from breaking down readymade organic molecules

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chemotheraputic agent

Back 19

(also called drug) Any chemical substance used to treat disease

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coenzyme

Back 20

An organic molecule bound to or loosely associated with an enzyme

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cofactor

Back 21

An inorganic ion necessary for the function of an enzyme

Front 22

competitive inhibitor

Back 22

A molecule similar in structure to a substrate that competes with that substrate by binding to the active site

Front 23

cyclic photophosphorylation

Back 23

Pathway in which excited electrons from chlorophyll are used to generate ATP without the splitting of water or reduction of NADP

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cytochrome

Back 24

An electron carrier functioning in the electron transport chain; heme protein

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dark reactions

Back 25

(also called carbon fixation) Part of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide gas is reduced by electrons from reduced NADP (NADPH) to form various carbohydrate molecules, chiefly glucose

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electron acceptor

Back 26

An oxidizing agent in a chemical reaction

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electron donor

Back 27

A reducing agent in a chemical reaction

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electron transport

Back 28

Process in which pairs of electrons are transferred between cytochromes and other compounds

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electron transport chain

Back 29

(also called respiratory chain) A series of compounds that pass electrons to oxygen (the final electron acceptor)

Front 30

endoenzyme

Back 30

An enzyme that acts within the cell producing it

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enzyme

Back 31

A protein catalyst that controls the rate of chemical reactions in cells

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enzyme-substrate complex

Back 32

A loose association of an enzyme with its substrate

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exoenzyme

Back 33

(also called extracellular enzyme) An enzyme that is synthesized in a cell but crosses the cell membrane to act in the periplasmic space or the cell’s immediate environment

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FAD

Back 34

Flavin adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms and electrons

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feedback inhibition

Back 35

(also called end-product inhibition) Regulation of a metabolic pathway by the concentration of one of its intermediates or, typically, its end product, which inhibits an enzyme in the pathway

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fermentation

Back 36

Anaerobic metabolism of the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis

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flavoprotein

Back 37

An electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation

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glycolisis

Back 38

An anaerobic metabolic pathway used to break down glucose into pyruvic acid while producing some ATP

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heterotroph

Back 39

An organism that uses compounds to produce biomolecules

Front 40

heterotrophy

Back 40

“Other-feeding,” the use of carbon atoms from organic compounds for the synthesis of biomolecules

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holoenzyme

Back 41

A functional enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a coenzyme or cofactor

Front 42

homolactic acid fermentation

Back 42

A pathway in which pyruvic acid is directly converted to lactic acid using electrons from reduced NAD (NADH)

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Krebs cycle

Back 43

(also called tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle) A sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that metabolizes 2-carbon units called acetyl groups to CO2 and H2O

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light reactions

Back 44

The part of photosynthesis in which light energy is used to excite electrons from chlorophyll, which are then used to generate ATP and NADPH

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metabolic pathway

Back 45

A chain of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next

Front 46

metabolism

Back 46

The sum of all chemical processes carried out by living organisms

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NAD

Back 47

Nicotinamide dinucleotide, a coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms and electrons

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noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 48

A molecule that attaches to an enzyme at an allosteric site (a site other than the active site), distorting the shape of the active site so that the enzyme can no longer function

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noncyclic photoreduction

Back 49

The photosynthetic pathway in which excited electrons from chlorophyll are used to generate ATP and reduce NADP with the splitting of water molecules

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oxidation

Back 50

The loss of electrons and hydrogen atoms

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oxidative phosphorylation

Back 51

Process in which the energy of electrons is captured in high-energy bonds as phosphate groups combine with ADP to form ATP

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peptococci

Back 52

Anaerobes that form pairs, tetrads, or irregular clusters; they lack both catalase and the enzyme to ferment lactic acid

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permease

Back 53

An enzyme complex involved in active transport through the cell membrane

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phosphorylation

Back 54

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, often from ATP; generally increasing the molecule’s energy

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phosphotransferase system

Back 55

A mechanism that uses energy from phosphoenolpyruvate to move sugar molecules into cells by active transport

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photoautotroph

Back 56

An autotroph that obtains energy from light

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photoheterotroph

Back 57

A heterotroph that obtains energy from light

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photolysis

Back 58

Process in which light energy is used to split water molecules into protons, electrons, and oxygen molecule

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photosynthesis

Back 59

The capture of energy from light and use of this energy to manufacture carbohydrates from carbon dioxide

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porin

Back 60

A protein in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that nonselectively transports polar molecules into the periplasmic space

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quinone

Back 61

(also called coenzyme Q) A nonprotein, lipid-soluble electron carrier in oxidative phosphorylation

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reduction

Back 62

The gain of electrons and hydrogen atoms

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surfactant

Back 63

A substance that reduces surface tension