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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phospholipid
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a lipid composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a polar head group; found in all membranes
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polynucleotide
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A chain of many nucleotides
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structural protein
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A protein that contributes to the structure of cells, cell parts, and membranes
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hydrolysis
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A chemical reaction that produces simpler products from more complex organic molecules
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glycosidic bond
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A covalent bond between to monosaccharides
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fatty acid
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A long chain of carbon atoms and their associated hydrogens with a carboxyl group at one end
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catabolism
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The chemical breakdown of molecules in which energy is released
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reactant
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Substance that takes part in a chemical (enzymatic) reaction
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specificity
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(1) the propert of an enzyme that allows it to accept only certain substrates and catalyze only one particular reaction (2) the property of a virus that restricts it to certain specific types of host cells. (3) the ability of the immune system to mounta unique immune response to each antigen it encounters
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atomic weight
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The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Nucleic acid that carries hereditary information from one generation to the next
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polymer
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A long chain of repeating subunits
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compound
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A chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
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polypeptide
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A chain of many amino acids
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isotope
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An atom of a particular element that contains a different number of neutrons
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denaturation
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The disruption of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces that maintain the structure of a globular protein, resulting in the loss of its biological activity
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complimentary base pairing
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Hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine (or uracil) baess or between guanine and cytosine bases
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mixture
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Two or more substances combined in any proportion and not chemically bound
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ion
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An electrically charged atom produced when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons
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polysaccharide
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A carbohydrate formed when many monosaccharides are linked together by glycosidic bonds
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element
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Matter composed of one kind of atom
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anion
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a negatively charged ion
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steroid
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A lipid having a four-ring structure, includes cholesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D
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disaccharide
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A carbohydrate formed by the joining of two monosaccharides
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isomer
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An alternative form of a molecule having the same molecular formula but different structure
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dehydration synthesis
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A chemical reaction that builds complex organic molecules
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monosaccharide
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A simiple carbohydrage, consisting of a carbon chain or ring with several alcohol groups and either an aldehyde or ketone group
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neutral
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Referring to a solution with a pH of 7
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lipid
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One of a group of complex, water-insoluble compounds
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solute
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The substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution
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proton
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A positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom
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peptide bond
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A covalent bond joining the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
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fat
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A complex organic molecule formed from glycerol and one or more fatty acids
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atom
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The smallest chemical unit of matter
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tertiary structure
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The folding of a protein molecule into globular shapes
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rubella
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(also called German measles) Viral disease characterized by a skin rash; can cause severe congenital disease
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acid
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A substance that releases hydrogen ions when it is dissolved in water
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primary structure
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The specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
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pH
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A means of expressing the hydrogen-ion concentration, and thus the acidity, of a solution
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exergonic
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Releasing energy from a chemical reaction
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quarternary structure
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The three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule formed by the association of two or more polypeptide chains
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protein
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a polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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hydrogen bond
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A relatively weak attraction between a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an oxygen or nitrogen atom carrying a partial negative charge
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triglycerol
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A molecule formed from three fatty acids bonded to glycerol
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molecule
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Two or mote atoms chemically bonded together
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polar compound
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A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge due to an unequal sharing of elecrons between atoms
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lipid A
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Toxic substance found in the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria
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cation
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A positively charged ion
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theca
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A tightly affixed, secreted outer layer of dinoflagellates that often contains cellulose
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ionic bond
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A chemical bond between atoms resulting from attraction of ions with opposite charges
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chemical bond
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The interaction of electrons in atoms that form a molecule
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bio chemistry
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The branch of organic chemistry that studies the chemical reactions of living systems
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covalent bond
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A bond between atoms created by the sharing of pairs of electrons
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colloid
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A mixture formed by particles too large to form a true solution dispersed in a liquid
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base
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A substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or donates hidroxyl ions
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radioisotope
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isotope with unstable nuclei that tends to emit subatomic particles and radiation
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organic chemistry
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The study of compounds that contain carbon
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functional group
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Part of a molecule that generally participates in chemical reactions as a unit and gives the molecule some of its chemical properties
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pyrimidine
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Any of the nucleic acid bases thymine, cytosine, and uracil
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rhinovirus
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A virus that replicates in cells of the upper respiratory tract and causes the common cold
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high-energy bond
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A chemical bond that releases energy when hydrolyzed; the energy can be used to transfer the hydrolyzed product to another compound
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neutron
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An uncharged subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom
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solvent
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The medium in which substances are dissolved to form a solution
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substrate
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(1) the substance on which an enzyme acts. (2) A surface or food source on which a cell can grow or a spore can germinate
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atomic number
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The number of protons in an atom of a particular element
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saturated fatty acid
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A fatty acid containing only carbon-hydrogen single bonds
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mole
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(also called gram molecular weight) the weight of a substance in grams equal to the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule of the substance
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surface tension
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A phenomenon in which the surface of water ehaves like a thin, invisible, elastic membrane
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endergonic
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Requiring energy for a chemical reaction
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nucleic acids
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Long polymers of nucleotides that encode genetic information and direct protein synthesis
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purine
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The nucleic acid bases adenine and guanine
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electron
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A negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom
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alkaline
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(also called basis) Condition caused by an abundance of hydroxyl ions (OH2) resulting in a pH of greater than 7.0
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solution
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A mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules are evenly distributed and will not separate out on standing
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anabolism
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Chemical reactions in which energy is used to synthesize large molecules from simpler components (also called synthesis)
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nucleotide
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An organic compound consisting of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups
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amino acid
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An organic acid containing an amino group and a carboxyl group, composing the building blocks of proteins
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secondary structure
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The folding or coiling of a polypeptide chain into a particular pattern, such as a helix or a pleated sheet
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carbohydrate
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A compound composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen that serves as the main course of energy for most living things
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unsaturated fatty acid
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A fatty acid that contains at least one double bond between adjacent carbon atoms
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