Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
When are precursor metabolites generated?
|
During central metabolic pathways (catabolic & anabolic) and curing photosynthesis (Calvin cycle).
|
|
|
Anabolic reactions are necessary to produce _____. As a result what happens?
|
Building blocks from precursors. They consume a large amount of ATP and NADPH
|
|
|
What are the two things synthesis of building blocks require?
|
precursor metabolites and other components such as N, S, P, Fe, +
|
|
|
Prokaryotic microbes are considered to not have _____.
|
organelles.
|
|
|
Most common pathway for CO2 fixation.
|
Calvin cycle
|
|
|
Carboxylation phase is when...
|
CO2 is taken from the atmosphere and made into carbohydrates.
|
|
|
Most common enzyme in nature.
|
Rubisco
|
|
|
Job of Rubisco.
|
Adds CO2 molecules to a 5C compound from the pentose phophate cycle.
|
|
|
The other substrate requirement by Rubisco other than CO2.
|
Ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate.
|
|
|
What occurs to the 6C chain immediately after it is formed?
|
It breaks down into 2 3C chains that is then reduced by NADPH and ATP. The product is then Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, which then feeds directly into glycolysis.
|
|
|
For every 1CO2 in the Calvin cycle, it requires __ ATP and __ NADPH.
|
3; 2
|
|
|
How are precursor metabolites formed?
|
Glycolysis, TCA, pentose phosphate cycle (central pathways).
|
|
|
In nitrogen assimilation, what are the three sources?
|
N2, NH3, and NO3 (Nitrogen gas, nitrates, and ammonia sources).
|
|
|
In nitrogen assimilation, what is the precursor that all other must be transformed to?
|
NH3 or NH4 (ammonia or ammonium ions).
|
|
|
What are the ammonia/ammonium converted to in Nitrogen assimilation?
|
Glutamine or glutamate.
|
|
|
Although N2 gas is very abundant,...
|
very few organisms (bacteria/archaea) can use it directly.
|
|
|
Nitrogen is often a ________ in free living microbes.
|
growth limiting
|
|
|
What is nitrogen fixation?
|
The reduction of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.
|
|
|
The complex in nitrogen fixation that does the nitrogen fixation.
|
Nitrogenase - anaerobically reduce N2 to NH3
|
|
|
What is the common outside donor for nitrogen fixation?
|
Ferredoxin
|
|
|
What are the starting and ending products of nitrogen fixation?
|
N2 + 8H + 16ATP ---> 2NH3 + H2 + 16ADP/Pi
|
|
|
In nitrogen fixation, many of the N2 fixers are _____, so they must....
|
aerobes; develop schemes to protect nitrogenase from O2.
|
|
|
Some N2 fixers are ______; some form _______; but all are _______.
|
free-living; symbiotic relationships with plants (ex: legumes) before they can fix N2; prokaryotes.
|
|
|
What happens to most of the ammonia created?
|
It is turned into glutamate.
|
|
|
Explain the process of creating glutamate.
|
Alpha ketogluterate has ammonia (NH3) added with the help of NAD(P)H to form the glutamate.
|
|
|
Glutamate serves as.....
|
the donor of amino groups for all of the amino acids.
|
|
|
Explain the process of creating glutamine.
|
It is by taking glutamate and adding another amino group by ATP.
|
|
|
Glutamine is the major nitrogen donor for....
|
all other building blocks that don't get it from glutamate. There are 9 different pathways and is is very highly regulated by glutamine synthetase.
|
|
|
A very important Nitrogen source for many microbes.
|
Nitrate (NO3).
|
|
|
What are the two enzymes used in reducing NO3 to NH3 (nitrate to ammonia)?
|
Nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase.
|
|
|
Nitrate reductase contains _____ and uses electron donor _____ to make _____.
|
FAD and Molybdenum; NADPH; nitrite (NO2-).
|
|
|
Nitrite reductase produces ___.
|
NH3.
|
|
|
Sulfur is needed for ____, ____, & ____.
|
Amino acids, vitamins, and cofactors.
|
|
|
Many different sources of sulfur (____, _____, & ____) are all converted to ____ that serves as the donor for biosynthesis.
|
Organic sulfur, H2S, SO4-2; Cysteine.
|
|
|
In phosphate assimilation, phosphate is always transported into cells as _______ or as __________.
|
PO4-2; part of small molecules that are catabolized.
|
|
|
Phosphate is _________ and there are no ________ involving phosphate in cells.
|
chemically very stable; redox reactions.
|
|
|
In phosphate assimilation _________ can be formed in the cell and are the basis for ________.
|
high energy phosphate bonds; storage and transfer of cellular energy.
|
