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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eukaryotic microbes are typically ______ organisms, but the _________ are closely related to and are studied along with _______.
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single-celled; unicellular yeats; multi-cellular molds & mushrooms.
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Virueses are often studied as part of microbiology since....
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they infect microbes and are important in the evolution of microbes via horizontal gene transmission and are often integrated into the microbial genome.
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Viruses are.......by many scientists.
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not considered to be alive
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Name the 18 things found in a eukaryotic cell.
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Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, nucleus, nucleolus, cell wall, pellicle, clila, flagella, and vacuole.
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of eukaryotic cell structures?
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Increase in number and complexity of delineated structures (many of these are in organelles).
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Function of plasma membrane.
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mechanical cell boundary; selectively permeable barrier with transport systems; mediates cell-cell interactions and adhesion to surfaces; secretion.
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Function of cytoplasm.
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environment for other organelles; location of many metabolic processes
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Function of Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
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cell structure and movements; for of the cytoskeleton
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Function of Endoplasmic reticulum.
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transport of materials; protein and lipid synthesis.
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Function of golgi apparatus.
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Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes; lysosome formation.
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Function of Ribosomes.
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Protein synthesis.
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Function of lysosomes.
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intracellular digestion
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Function of mitochondria.
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energy production through use of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways.
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Function of chloroplasts.
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Photosynthesis--trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and water.
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Function of nucleus.
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Repository for genetic information; control center for cell.
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Function of nucleolus.
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Ribosomal RNA synthesis; ribosome construction.
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Function of cell wall and pellicle.
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Strengthen and give shape to cell.
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Function of cilia and flagella
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cell movement.
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Function of vacuole.
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Temporary storage and transport; digestion (food vacuole); water balance (contractile vacuole).
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How is the nucleus of a eukaryote enclosed?
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By two membranes.
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The nucleus will enclose many....
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linear chromosomes in "duplicate"
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What allows the rapid diversification of genetic material?
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duplicated gene structure and sexual reproduction.
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Movement in Eukaryotes is...
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both intracellular and cellular.
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Movement of cells is dependent on...
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microtubules in cilia and flagella in the 9+2 arrangement.
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Movement of subcellular components is dependent on...
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microtubules or actin within microfilaments
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What are the import mechanisms used? How are they used?
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Endocytosis and phagocytosis. They are used to import large particles and digest them internally.
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Explain endocytosis.
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It is used for smaller things. Not a lot of deformation of the membrane. The substance binds to the receptor and everything is taken in. Becomes an endosome and then fuses with the lysosome.
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Both endocytosis and phagocytosis require....
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that the imported substance be bound to receptors to trigger the import.
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Explain phagocytosis.
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It is used for really big things. A lot of deformation of the membrance occurs. Used to engulf another cell (like bacterium). The bacterium first binds to the receptor to be engulfed. It becomes a phagosome (bacteria with new cell wall). It then fuses with the lysosome and becomes digested.
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Lysosomes contain...
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hydrolytic enzymes that digest the ingested material.
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Why can't plant cells undergo phagocytosis?
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Because their cell walls are too rigid and they are attached firmly to their cytoplasm.
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What is endocytosis also used for?
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Recycling the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Eukaryotic microbes consist of
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protists and fungi
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What are protists?
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Single celled organisms characterized by protozoa (chemoorganoheterotrophs) or algae (photolithoautotrophs).
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Classification schemes are currently...
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in flux. They are changing because the older ones are wrong.
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How were protozoa and algae classified historically?
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P: according to mechanisms of locomotion (flagelle, cilia, amoeba).
A: according to pigments |
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What are current schemes of classification sorted by?
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DNA and biochemical analyses. Protists are now in Super groups.
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In Archaeplastida, where the plastids derive from?
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all plastids (or chloroplasts) derived from cyanobacteria.
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The plastids from the cyanobacteria in the super group Archaeplastida have... and are located.....
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double membranes from the CM and OM of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria; in the cytoplasm of members of this group.
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Members of Archaeplastida typically contain cells walls comprised of ____.
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cellulose
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What are some examples of Archaeplastida?
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red algae and green algae.
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What are some examples of green algae and what are their types of growth?
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Chlorella - unicellular
Volvox - colonial Spirogyra - filamentous Acetabularia - use holdfasts (Some are pathogens) |
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What is the distinct type of movement for super group Amoebazoa?
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Amoeboid movement with lobopodia. However some members of this group does have cilia or flagella.
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Explain the life-cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum.
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The amoeba is released. The amoebas begin to congregate. They form a mass. The moving mass is called a slug. The slug begins to "right" itself. It then is transformed into sorocarp that releases the spores.
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What are the pathogenic genera of super group Amoebazoa?
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Entamoeba and Acanthamoeba (swimming/brain eating amoeba).
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In the super group Chromaveolata, it is a _____ group, many with ______.
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diverse; flagella or cilia
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In the super group Chromaveolata, all have..... and the location is.....
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secondary plastids (not from cyanobacteria, but from algae) or remnants with >2 membranes; withing the ER
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Types of Chromaveolata.
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Coccoliths and diatoms.
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Types of Alveolata.
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Dinoflagellates, apicomplexa (plasmodium), ciliophora (paramecium).
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What causes malaria?
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apicomplexa
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What causes red tide?
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dinoflagellata
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What are some pathogens included in Dinoflagellata, and what do they do?
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Gonyaulax and Gymodinium. They are genera that contain potent neurotoxins.
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What is specific about ciliphora?
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They have lots of cilia; they often contain 2 different nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus.
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What does the macronucleus contain?
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many copies of a subset of the most frequently transcribed genes.
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What does the micronucleus contain?
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the organism's gene.
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All Apicomplexans are ____ and thyey get their name from.....
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parasites; the apical complex of structures allows penetration into cells within a host.
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What do we need to know about the life cycle of the apicomplexans?
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it is complex, but includes a motile, infective haploid stage called a sporozoite and a vegetative cell called a merozoite.
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What are the diseases caused by apicomplexans?
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malaria (caused by plasmodiums) and toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii).
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Diatoms and coccolithiophores are apart of the super group _____, and are....
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chromalveolata; photosynthetic with external minreal shells.
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Diatoms have ___ structures made of ____.
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petri dish; silica (Si(OH)4)
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Each species od diatoms are ______. What is special about them?
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dsitinctive; They fix as much CO2 as all the rainforests combined.
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Coccoliths contain what?
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scales of CaCO3, high levels in plankton, and also help regulate CO2 cycle. They also make up chalk when they die.
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What is significant of super group excavata?
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they contain a flagella that directs food into a cytostome.
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What are three pathogens in the Excavata super group?
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Giardia, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma
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What does Leishmania do?
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It causes Leishmaniasis (also called Bagdhad Boil). It is a serious disease that armed forces face. Grows inside sand fleas that bite people.
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What does Giardia do?
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It causes Camper's diarrhea. Found in cool running streams. Causes widespread intestinal disease. 200 million infected world-wide.
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What does Trypanosoma do?
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Trypsanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness spread by tsetse flies. T. cruzi causes Chaga's disease spread by kissing bugs.
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What is significant about the Trypanosoma life cycle?
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It has two stages. It had fly stages and it has human stages.
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Fungi are comprised of...
They are also _____ to _____. |
yeasts, molds, and mushrooms;
microscopic to macroscopic (mushrooms). |
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All fungi as non-_______. The have cell walls made of ____.
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non-photosynthetic and non-phagocytotic; chitin (NAG polymer)
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Bodies of fungi are called _____. What are yeasts and molds considered?
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thalli; yeasts are single-celled; molds are multicellular filaments called hyphae
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How do fungi grow?
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Either with or without a sexual cycle. All are spore-forming.
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The sexual cycle of fungi involves the mating ot ypes...
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a & alpha; it is reversible.
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Fungi have the propensity to live...
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in other organisms either symbiotically or parasitically.
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Fungi are most known for being
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decomposers (sapbrobes)
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Explain the non-sexual reproduction of fungi.
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Undergoing mitosis of vegetative cells.
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How do fungi form spores?
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in either sexual or non-sexual cycle
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Explain the fungi life cycle.
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There is haploid and diploid. Yeasts and molds can live a long time as just haploid. They can divide and live. They can then go through a sexual cycle (a + alpha) and become diploid. This is usually triggered, like in yeasts it is due to nutriton deficiency.
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Fungi spores are mainly for...
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dispersal, however they can withstand some harsh enironmental conditions.
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How are fungi classified?
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by sporulation. The structures that form the spores and how the spores come out.
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Yeast are ___ and can make....
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transformable; some recombinant proteins
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Why is yeast often used as a model system for higher organisms?
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They have some regulation similar to that of higher multi-cellular eukaryotes and 16 chromosomes.
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How do yeasts grow?
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They grow in both the haploid and diploid states. This is good for looking at lethal mutations. Can induce the switch from haploid to diploid in the lab.
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What is saccharomyces cerevisiae?
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It is yeast.
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How does saccharomyces cerevisiae reproduce?
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by budding. However, this leaves scars, and when the scars cover the entire cell, budding can no longer occur.
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What is candida albicans?
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It is a common oportunistic pathogen. Most people have candida albicans somewhere in their bodies growing. Usually not a problem because it is restricted by surrounding microbes.
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When does candida albicans flourish?
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After taking antibiotics. They kill of the surrounding microbes which usually restrict the candida growth. This can lead to yeast infection.
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What is specific about the candida growth?
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It has dimorphic growth. However it becomes a problem when the growth stops being normal yeast growth and moves to the mycelial type of fungus. This increases its pathogenicity because then they are too large for the cells of our immune system to phagocytose.
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How does candida spread?
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It can move through the blood stream. Systemic disease has a high mortality rate and produces many toxins.
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What are some fungal cancer causing toxins?
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Aflatoxins and fumonisins
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What are aflotoxins?
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produced by aspergillus; found in moist grains nuts, (when not stored properly), beer, cocoa, and raisins. Can cause cancer.
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What are Fumonisins?
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produced by fusarium; found in corn.
Causes pulmonary edema in pigs and cause esophogeal cancer in humans. |
