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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What elements were produced in the big bang?
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All of the Hydrogen and some Helium.
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All elements lighter than and including Fe...
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were produced by fusion reactions in massive stars.
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How do the elements fuse?
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H-->He ; He-->C, O ; C-->Ne, Mg ; O-->Si, S ; Si, S-->Fe
Nothing can be compressed further than Fe. |
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How do atoms heavier than Fe come about?
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From catastrophic death of massive stars.
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The earth was formed ___ years ago.
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4.6 billion
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How old are the oldest fossils? What are they of?
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3.5 Billion years; stromalites related to cyanobacteria.
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The earliest life forms evolved when...
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the earth was still hot and anoxic, 3.8 billions years ago. However, water was available.
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What made the oxygen that is in our atmosphere today?
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the cyanobacteria.
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What does probiont mean?
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a term given to pre-cells, potentially made of RNA and liposomes.
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Explain the Stanley Miller experiment.
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They tried to make building blocks of life from early earth elements (H2, H20, CH4, & NH4). They also added heat and electrical discharges. A gooey substance was formed and they found it to be rapidly generated AA's.
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What did other experiments use and what were the products?
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started with HCN; they made sugars, nucleotide bases, and lipids.
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How is it thought that cytoplasmic membranes came about?
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Clay or FeS2 surfaces catalyze the formation and growth of lipid vesicles that have been shown to encapsulate RNA.
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How is it thought that respiratory systems came about?
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They looked at a variety of feuling systems that used a large amount of FeS, H2S, & H2 that were abundant.
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FeS + H2S -----> ____ and __ kJ
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FeS2 & H2; -42kJ
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____ is a good electron donor at E0' = ___.
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H2; -.414
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RNA World is a proposal that...
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early life forms were based on activites of RNA.
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RNA's have various ____ activites including:
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catalytic (nucleotide synthesis, self-replication, & polypetide polymerization).
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RNAs bind to polypeptides and....
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serve as regulatory functions.
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Eventually DNA......and protein....
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(more stable than RNA) took over genomic role; replaced RNA for some functions.
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When did eukaryotes come about?
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1.5-2 billion years ago.
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What are the two theories on how the nucleus came about?
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nuclear fusion or endosymbiosis
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Explain nucler fusion.
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This is when the bacterium and the archaeon fuse together. They then sort out the material not needed and then form the eukaryotic cell.
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Explain endosymbiosis.
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It is when an archeon cell engulfs a bacteria cell. The bacteria then becomes an endosymbiont. It sits there and replicates inside the space.
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How did the mitochondria come about?
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Likely through endosymbiosis from an alpha-proteobacteria related to Ricketssia.
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How did chloroplasts come about?
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From endosymbiosis that arose from cyanobacteria related to prochlorococcus.
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Gene sequence (SSU/small subunit rRNA or housekeeping genes) analysis reflects...
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evolutionary relationships. (SSU--> 16S for prokaryotes and 18S for eukaryotes. housekeeping-->the genes from glycolysis. So you can compare genes this way.
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What are some of the older techniques of classification used?
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Morphological analysis, physiological and metabolic characteristics,
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What is genomic fingerprinting?
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the use of restriction enzymes and electrphoresis to classify genomic characteristics without sequencing whole genomes.
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What is genomic fingerprinting looking mostly at?
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The SSU genes.
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What is the process for genomic fingerprinting?
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You take a sample, isolate the DNA, run it trhough PCR, run it through elecetrophoresis,
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When genomic fingerprinting is being used for robsomal genes it is called...
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ribotyping.
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When genomic fingerprinting is being used for non-robsomal genes it is called...
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RFLP, Restriction fragment length polymorphism
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What is STR?
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It is a type of classification used for genetic sequences that have high amounts of repetetive sequences in between the genes. It is used to classify or identify. It is used for humans and mammals.
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The phylogenetic tree shows the relationship between
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the three main groups: Bacteria, Archaea, Eucarya; based on sequence comparisons of SSU genes.
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What is at the root of the phylogenetic trees?
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Probionts
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How many different prokaryotic species are estimated?
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10 million; this makes them more diverse than all of the eukaryotic put together.
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Only _______ species of porkaryotes are characterized and the are divided into ___Phyla (___ Bergey's).
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8,000; 40; 24
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Most species of prokaryotes cannot be...
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cultivated in the lab. Typically only 1% from the environment can be grown.
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A species of rprokaryotes can be comprised of..
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many strains.
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Horizontal transmission of genetic material in prokaryotes....
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complicates analysis of prokaryotes.
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Taxonomy is....
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the science of studying the evoluntionary relationships amongst organisms and classifying them.
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The three domains for taxonomy.
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Eukaryotes, Bacteria, Archaea
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Give in order the groups of taxonomy.
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Kingdom (Domain), Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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In taxonomy, orders end in ____ and families end in _____.
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ales; aceae
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Species are further divided into ____.
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strains
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What are the three types of strains and what is their classification?
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Biovars-->differ in biochemistry
Morphovars-->differ in how they look Serovars-->characterized based on antibodies binding to particular proteins or antigens. |
