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244 Cards in this Set
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a bacteria without a cell wall
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protoplast
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a population of cells which arise from a single cell
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colony
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a small circular piece of DNA
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plasmid
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a substance that inhibits or kills microbes on animal tissues
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antiseptic
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allows for motility of bacteria
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flagella
singular: flagellum |
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an agent that kills microbes
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germicide
-cide means to kill |
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are obligate, intracellular parasites that infect all organisms
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viruses
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are the same as flagella but much smaller and usually all around the cell
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cilia
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average generation time for tuberculosis
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3 days to 6 weeks
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average generation time for bacteria
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20 minutes
varies from 10 minutes to 3 days |
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can be made of DNA or RNA, but never both
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viral nucleic acid
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can be used interchangeable with disinfection
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decontamination
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phase where the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed; cells die logarithmically
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death phase
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condition at which the species grows best
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optimal condition
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contain storage forms of food
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granules
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how was the discovery of viruses found
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through filtration
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do bacteria have cilli
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no
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do viruses have metabolism
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no
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do viruses ingest food or excrete waste
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no
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do viruses reproduce and are they susceptible to mutation
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yes
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phase where bacteria multiply at the fastest rate possible under the conditions provided
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log phase
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found in tears, mucous, and wbc's and also destroys the cell wall of bacteria
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lysozyme
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function is to transfer DNA
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pili
singular: pilus |
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types of media for culturing
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gelatin-Koch
agar-Hesse |
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good for media that cannot be boiled or autoclaved
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filtration
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help the virus attach to the bacterial cell wall
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tail and tail fibers
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how many chromosomes do bacteria have
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1
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inhibits growth of bacterial without killing them
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bacteriostatic
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killing bacteria
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bactericidal
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the process of killing pathogenic microbes on or in a material without necessarily sterilizing it. implies to inanimate objects(fomites)
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disinfection
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kills bacteria by not allowing the cell wall to grow and prohibits cell division
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penicillin
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3 types of myxoviruses
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influenza
measles mumps |
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phase which has little or no cell division, but metabolic activity is high
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lag phase
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a gelatinous covering; slime layer
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capsule
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refers to all the fluid substances enclosed in the cell membrane
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cytoplasm
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the process of removing an object or substance free of all viable microbes
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sterilization
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removing or inactivating pathogenic microbes and their toxic products
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decontamination
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site of antibiotic activity
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cell wall
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the orderly increase in the quantity of all components of the bacterial cell
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growth
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the site of ATP production
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mitochondria
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the site of protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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the time required for a cell to divide and its population to double
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generation time
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phase where there is an equillibrium between cell division and death
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stationary phase
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name for viruses without an envelope
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naked
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a complex, semirigid structure responsible fo the shape of the cell
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cell wall
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instrument used to determined turbidity by measuring the amount of light that passes through a suspension of cells
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spectrophotometer
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to be living
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viable
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2 ways to isolate a single colony
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streak plate method
pour plate method |
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the process of freezing and drawing out all water
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lyophilization (freeze-drying)
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freezing temp
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0 degrees C
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freezer temp
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-20 degrees C
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human body temp
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37 degrees C
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boiling temp
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100 degrees C
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meaning of -philes
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to love
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cold-loving microbes
-5 to 20 degrees C |
psychrophiles
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moderate-temperature-loving microbes
20 to 50 degrees C |
mesophiles
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heat-loving microbes
50 to 90 degrees C |
thermophiles
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optimal pH
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7 (5-8)
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the overall concentration inside and outside the cell is the same
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isotonic solution
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feeders on others that require an organic carbon source
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heterotrophs
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self-feeders that use CO2
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autotrophs
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5 mineral requirements
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N,S,P,Na,K
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percentage of oxygen needed by bacterial to survive
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around 20%
@ sea level like humans |
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a type of respiration which does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it
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anaerobe
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organisms that require oxygen to live
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obligate aerobes
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organisms that utilize oxygen if available but if not, can utilize something else
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facultative anaerobes
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organisms that require small amounts of oxygen (2-10%)
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microaerophiles
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are pathogenic to all organisms
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viruses
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arrangement with a single polar flagellum
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monotrichous
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arrangement with a tuft of flagella at both ends of the cell
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amphitrichous
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name which describes bacteria which produce capsules
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antiphagocytic
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a special resistant, dormant structure formed within a cell that protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions
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endospore
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arrangement with two or more flagella at one pole of the cell
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lophotrichous
instructor calls it a ponytail |
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arrangement where the flagella is distributed over the entire cell
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peritrichous
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all populations in a habitat
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community
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all organisms together with their abiotic environment
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ecosystem
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the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment
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ecology
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the role an organism plays in the community
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ecological niche
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also known as producers
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plants
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also known as consumers
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animals
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also known as decomposers
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bacteria
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a culture media that involves growth of obligate anaerobes
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reducing culture
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a culture media that involves suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes
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selective media
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a culture media that makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism from other colonies growing on the same plate
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differential media
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usually liquid and provides nutrients and environment conditions that favor the growth of a particular microbe but not others
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enrichment culture
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reproduction where bacteria form a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, and then it separates
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budding
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any material prepared for the growth of bacteria in a lab
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culture medium
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microbes that grow and multiply in or on a culture medium of bacterial
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culture
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media in which the exact chemical composition is known
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chemically defined media
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media in which the exact chemical composition varies slightly from batch to batch
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complex media
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media used to distinguish among different organisms
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differential media
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normal reproductive method in which a single cell divides into two identical cells
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binary fission
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reproduction by aerial spore formation or fragmentation
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budding
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the ability of an organism to move by itself
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motility
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destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm
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lysis
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a gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall, resulting in a spherical cell
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spheroplast
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the double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in an eukaryotic cell
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nuclear envelope
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a virus that infects bacterial cells
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phage
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a protein subunit of a viral capsid
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capsomere
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a complete, fully developed viral particle
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virion
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a granule that stores inorganic phosphate and stains red with certain blue dyes
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metachromatic granule
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a small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome
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plasmid
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represents a reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP
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volutin
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an extension of an eukaryotic cell that aids in locomation and feeding
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pseudopod
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the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid
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capsid
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an organic catalyst
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enzyme
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a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (outside cell) than an isotonic solution
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hypertonic solution
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a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (outside the cell) than an isotonic solution
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hypotonic solution
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the transfer of a chemical group from one molecule to another; transamination
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group transference
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organic molecules; usually a vitamin
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coenzyme
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a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released
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dehydration synthesis
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the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell
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metabolism
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the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones; utilization of ATP to make things for the cell
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anabolism
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the breakdown of food for energy; glucose to ATP
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catabolism
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an enzyme consisting of an apoenzyme and a cofactor
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holoenzyme
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the removal of hydrogen or electrons
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oxidation
oxidase |
have to occur with reduction
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the addition of hydrogen or electrons
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reduction
reductase |
have to occur with oxidation
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the removal of CO2 from a carboxyl, -COOH , group
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decarboxylation
decaboxylase |
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the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
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phosphorylation
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the protein portion of an enzyme
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apoenzyme
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the removal of an amino group, -NH2 , from an amino acid to form ammonia
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deamination
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criteria used to determine the causative agent of infectious diseases
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Koch's postulates
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the process of endospore formation within a vegetative (parent) cell
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sporulation or sporogenesis
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process when cellular projections called pseudopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell
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phagocytosis
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is usually spherical or oval, is frequently the largest structure in the cell and contains almost all the cell's hereditary information (DNA)
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nucleus
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what are the three types of inhibition on enzymes
|
competitive
feedback repressible |
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controlled inhibition within the cell; excess product ties up the enzyme leading to its production and no one else
|
feedback inhibition
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inhibitor where the substance looks like the substrate
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competitive inhibitor
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type of respiration which uses oxygen
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aerobe
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meaning of photo-
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light
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meaning of -synthesis
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the assembly of organic compounds
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a complex polysaccharide derived from a marine alga and has long been used in foods like jellies and ice cream
|
agar
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shallow dishes with a lid that nests over the bottom to prevent contamination
|
petri dishes
|
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their DNA (genetic material) is not enclosed within a membrane and is one circular chromosome
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prokaryotes
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their DNA is not associated with histones
|
prokaryotes
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they lack membrane-enclosed organelles
|
prokaryotes
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their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan
|
prokaryotes
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they usually divide by binary fission
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prokaryotes
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means prenucleus
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prokaryotes
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means true nucleus
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eukaryotes
|
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their DNA is found in the cell's nucleus, which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes
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eukaryotes
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their DNA is consistently associated with chromosomal proteins called histones and with nonhistones
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eukaryotes
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they have a number of membrane-enclosed organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, and somtimes chloroplasts
|
eukaryotes
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their cell walls, when present, are chemically simple
|
eukaryotes
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they usually divide by mitosis (replication to make two identical cells)
|
eukaryotes
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substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves
|
catalysts
|
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an intracellular enzyme
|
endoenzyme
|
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an extracellular enzyme
|
exoenzyme
ex: amylase |
|
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usually inorganic metal like Fe and Zn
|
cofactor
|
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enzyme required for reaction to occur
|
holoenzyme
|
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all of the insomatic activities that occur within a cell
|
metabolism
|
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|
how are enzymes named
|
1 by the substrate that they act upon
2 by the type of reaction they catalyze |
|
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the substrate that act upon protein
|
proteinase
includes casein, pepsin and rennin |
|
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the substrate that act upon carbohydrate
|
carbohydrase
includes lactose to lactase |
|
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the substrate that act upon lipids
|
lipase
|
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the substrate that act upon urea
|
urease
|
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the removal of H
|
dehydration
dehydrogenase |
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inhibition where the enzyme ceases to be made when the product is present
|
repressible inhibition
|
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the introduction of water; splits the substrate (hydrolysis)
|
hydration
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removal of water
|
dehydration
|
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the conversion to isomeric forms
|
isomeration
|
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spikes made of protein
|
peplomeres
|
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plasmids that can integrate themselves into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism
|
episomes
|
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the 4 steps of koch's postulates
|
1 the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2 the pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3 the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal 4 the pathogen must be isolated from this inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
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disease-causing
|
pathogenic
|
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the most frequently used method of measuring bacterial populations
|
plate count
|
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a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has the advantage of measuring the number of viable cells
|
plate count
|
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a type of direct measurement of microbial growth that has a disadvantage because it usually takes 24 hours or more for visible colonies to form
|
plate count
|
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a method of inoculating a solid nutrient medium by mixing bacteria in the melted medium and adding the medium into a petri dish to solidify
|
pour plate method
|
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a method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium
|
streak plate method
|
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the steps of the lytic cycle of viruses
|
1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell
2 penetration-phage penetrates host cell and injects its DNA 3 biosynthesis-phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell 4 maturation-viral components are assembled into virions 5 release-host cell lyses and new virions are released |
|
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the viral cycle that ends with lysis and death of the host cell
|
lytic cycle
|
|
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the viral cycle where the host cell remains alive
|
lysogenic cycle
|
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the steps of the lysogenic cycle
|
1 attachment-phage attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2 phage DNA circularizes 3 phage DNA integrates within the bacterial chromosome by recombination, becoming a prophage 4 lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally 5 occasionally, the prophage may excise from the bacterial chromosome by another recombination event, initiating a lytic cycle |
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4 methods of maintaining anaerobic organisms
|
1 using an anaerobic incubator
2 using an anaerobic jar with water and catalyst 3 using thioglycollate broth 4 using the hospital cultures (ex- gc and chlamydia) |
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|
which organisms are never isolated on media
|
Leprosy-Mycobacterium leprae
Rickettsieae Syphillis-Treponema pallidum |
|
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steps of binary fission
|
1 duplication of internal structures including DNA and ribosomes
2 materials go to ends of the cell 3 cytoplasmic membrane begins to invaginate 4 cell wall begins to invaginate 5 cell separates |
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to enclosed or become enclosed in
|
invaginate
|
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the causative agent of anthrax
|
bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
5 examples of products used for enriched compositions
|
1 blood
2 beef extract 3 yeast extract 4 serum 5 chocolate-haemophilus |
|
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gangrene is an example of what type of organism
|
anaerobic organism
|
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ultaviolet radiation cannot penetrate what material
|
glass
|
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how long should fomites be boiled
|
at least 10 minutes
|
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how long should organisms be autoclaved
|
for 30 minutes at 121 degrees C at 15 pounds of pressure
|
|
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how long should organisms be pasteurized
|
at low temperatures of 60 degrees C for 30 minutes
|
|
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was used with wine; now also used with milk and beer
|
pasteurization
|
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type of method for microbial control of endospores
|
tyndallization
|
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how long should organisms be tyndallized
|
for 30 minutes for 3 days at 100 degrees C
|
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an example of dry heating (glassware, equipment)
|
using the dishwasher
|
|
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due to the risk of fatality, you should never mix what 2 chemical agents
|
chlorine(clorox) and ammonia
|
|
|
examples of 7 chemical agents
|
1 alcohol
2 chlorine-clorox 3 iodine-especially with alcohol 4 formaldehyde-for all organisms 5 phenol-phenol coefficient 6 lysol-NH4 chloride 7 hexachlorophene-especially against Staph. aureus |
|
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also called the exponential phase
|
log phase
|
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an additional growth factor (blood for haemophilius)
|
fastidious
|
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what are the 5 criterias that biological organisms must meet
|
1 they must reproduce
2 they must ingest food substances and metabolize the food for energy and growth 3 they, in turn, must excrete waste 4 they must react to changes in the environment (known as irritability) 5 they must be susceptible to mutations |
|
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1 have no metabolism
2 they do not ingest food nor excrete waste 3 they do not respond to their environment 4 they can reproduce and are therefore, susceptible to mutations |
viruses
|
|
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2 shapes of viral capsids
|
icoshedron-20 sided polyhedrial (cubical)
helical |
|
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since there is no taxonomy(classification) for viruses how are they grouped
|
1 by type of nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
2 their shape 3 if they are enveloped or naked |
|
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without a ______ the organism would be a glob
|
cell wall
|
|
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contains a bilayer of protein and phospholipids
|
cell membrane
|
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drug resistance is carried on _____
|
plasmids
|
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the _____ of bacteria determines the gram reaction
|
cell wall
|
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gram _____ bacteria have a 3 dimensional lattice-work that retains the crystal violet after being treated with acetone-alcohol
|
positive
|
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gram _____ bacteria loose the crystal violet because of the layering of the cell wall components, which contain large amounts of lipids(which are dissolve by the alcohol)
|
negative
|
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also called the cell membrane or plasma membrane
|
cytoplasmic membrane
|
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also called episomes
|
plasmids
|
|
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an enzyme that destroys penicillin and located on a plasmid
|
penicillinase
|
|
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store phospate to be used for ATP production
|
volutin granules
|
|
|
a name for organisms that are unable to be engulf by wbc's
|
antiphagocytic
|
|
|
examples of bacteria that produce capsules
|
pneumonia-S. pneumoniae
tooth cavities-S. mutans |
|
|
transfer DNA material from one bacteria to another
|
pili
|
|
|
examples of bacteria that can produce spores
|
botulism
tetanus |
|
|
substrate + enzyme = _____
|
product(s)
|
|
|
this solution may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (lysis)
|
hypotonic solution
|
|
|
this soultion moves water out of the cell and causes its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)
|
hypertonic solution
|
|
|
what is the only type of solution that a cell can live in
|
isotonic solution
|
|
|
used by organisms for conjugation
|
pili
|
|
|
special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes
|
histones
|
|
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an environment where no nutrients are added and no waste is taken away
|
closed growth environment
|
|
|
a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on or in another organism and harms that organism(the host)
|
parasitism
|
|
|
house the viral nucleic acid
|
capsid
|
|
|
exception to the koch's postulate rule
|
embryonated chicken egg or HeLa cells
|
|
|
3 ways to count the increase in cell mass of organisms
|
1 weight-lyophilize
2 amount of one component-protein 3 turbidity-spectophotometer |
|
|
3 ways to count the increase in cell number
|
1 plate count
2 pour plate-viable 3 direct microscopic count-counting chamber-viable and nonviable |
|
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organisms that utilize high salt concentrations to grow
|
halophiles
from ocean |
|
|
3 examples of sugars
|
jams,jellies,molds
|
|
|
4 heat methods of microbial control
|
1 incinerating
2 boiling 3 dry heating 4 autoclaving |
|
|
2 radiation methods of microbial control
|
1 gamma rays-cobalt
2 ultraviolet radiation-absorbed by nucleic acids |
|
|
are specific
|
enzymes
|
|
|
2 things that are not specific
|
1 coenzymes
2 cofactors |
|
|
made of protein and RNA
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
a site for antibiotic action
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
storage for excess sugars
|
granules
|
|
|
contain starch or glycogen
|
granules
|
|
|
originate inside the cell from a basal body then grow outside the cell through a structure called a hook
|
flagella
|
|
|
the process by which a hypertonic solution causes the cytoplasm to shrink(plasmolysis)
|
crenation
|
|
|
a nonliving object that can spread infection
|
fomite
|
|
|
2 reactions that must occur together
|
oxidation and reduction
|
|
|
means false feet
|
pseudopod
|
|
|
the loss of its characteristic 3-dimiensional structue (tertiary configuration)
|
denaturation
|
|
|
table sugar (sucrose) is the substrate of the enzyme _____
|
sucrase
|
|
|
the names of enzymes usually ends in -_____
|
-ase
|
|
|
nonprotein component of an enzyme
|
cofactor
|
|
|
5 steps of the mechanism of enzymatic action
|
1 the substrate contacts the active site on the enzyme to form
2 an enzyme-substrate complex 3 the substrate is then transformed into products 4 the products are released 5 the enzyme is recovered unchanged |
|
|
4 factors that influence the activity of an enzyme
|
1 temperature-increases as temp increases
2 pH 3 substrate concentration 4 the presence/absence of inhibitors (competitive and noncompetitive) |
|