Mcb2010 Final Exam Ch.15

Front 1

Specific Immunity: Aka?

Back 1

- Third line of defense and is acquired.
- Dual system of B and T lymphocytes

Front 2

Antigen?

Back 2

Molecules that stimulate a response by T and B cells

Front 3

2 Characteristics of Specific immunity

Back 3

1. Specificity
2. Memory

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Specific Immunity: SPECIFICITY?

Back 4

Antibodies produced, function only against the antigen that they were produced in response to.

Front 5

Specific immunity: MEMORY?

Back 5

Lymphocytes are programmed to "recall" their first encounter with an antigen and respond rapidly to subsequent encounters.

Front 6

Types of immunity

Back 6

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Natural immunity
Artificial immunity

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Active immunity

Back 7

Results when a person is challenged with antigen that stimulates production of antibodies; creates memory, takes time, and is lasting.

Front 8

Passive immunity

Back 8

Preformed antibodies are donated to an individual; does not create memory, acts immediately, and is short term

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Natural immunity

Back 9

Acquired as part of normal life experiences

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Artificial immunity

Back 10

Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

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Natural active immunity vs.
Natural passive immunity

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N. Active immunity -- Acquired upon infection and recovery
N. passive immunity -- acquired by a child through placenta and breast milk

Front 12

Artificial active immunity vs. Artificial passive immunity

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A. active immunity - acquired through inoculation with a selected Ag
A. passive immunity - administration of a preparation containing specific antibodies

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Overview of the Specific Immune Responses (5 things)

Back 13

1. Development and differentiation of the immune system
2. Lymphocytes and antigens
3. The challenge of B and T lymphocytes by antigens
4. B lymphocytes and the production and activities of antibodies
5. T-lymphocyte responses

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Development of Response System

Back 14

- Cell receptors or markers confer specificity and identity of a cell

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Major functions of receptors are?

Back 15

1. To perceive and attach to nonself or foreign molecules
2. To promote the recognition of self molecules
3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system
4. To aid in cell development

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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Back 16

- Receptors found on all cels except RBCs
- Aka human leukocyte antigen
- Plays a role in recognition of self by the immune system and in rejection of foreign tissue

Front 17

Functions of MHC

Back 17

- Genes for MHC clustered in a multigene complex:
1. Class 1 - markers that display unique characteristics of self molecules and regulation of immune reactions; required for T lymphocytes
2. Class 2 - regulatory receptors found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

Front 18

Lymphocyte Receptors (3 things)

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- Lymphocyte's role in surveillance and recognition is a fcxn of their receptors
- B-cell receptors: bind free antigens
- T-cell receptors: bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them

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B-cell receptors do what?

Back 19

Bind free antigens

Front 20

T-cell receptors do what?

Back 20

Bind processed antigens together with the MHC molecules on the cells that present antigens to them

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In bone marrow: Lymphocytic stem cells differentiate into ?

Back 21

Either T or B cells

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B cells stay where?

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Bone marrow

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T cells migrate to the ???

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Thymus

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Both T and B cells migrate to where?

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Secondary lymphoid tissue

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Lymphocyte is specifity is ??

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Preprogrammed.
Existing in the genetic makeup before an antigen has ever entered the system

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Each genetically different type of lymphocyte expresses a ?

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Single specificity

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First introduction of each type of antigen into the immune system selects a ......?....... Causing ???

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A genetically distinct lymphocyte.
... Causing it to expand into a clone of cells that can react to that antigen.

Front 28

Special categories of Antigens (4)

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Alloantigens
Superantigens
Allergen
Autoantigens

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An alloantigen ?

Back 29

Cell surface markers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others

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Superantigens?

Back 30

Potent T cell stimulators; provoke an overwhelming response

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Allergen?

Back 31

Antigen that evokes allergic reactions

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Autoantigens?

Back 32

Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate

Front 33

Table 15.1: Properties of B cells

Back 33

Site of grwth -- Bone marrow
Antigen surface marker -- Ig
Circ in blood -- Low numbers
Receptors 4 antigen -- Ig
Distrib in Lymphatic organs -- Cortex
Require antigen with MHC -- Sometimes
Product of antigenic stim -- Plasma cells and memory cells
Fcxn: Antibodies, to INactivate, neutralize, target antigens

Front 34

Table 15.1 -- Properties of T cells

Back 34

Site of grwth: Thymus
Antigen surface markers: T-cell receptor. Several CD molecules
Circulation in Blood: High numbers
Receptors for Antigen: T-cell receptr
Distn in lymphatic organ: Paracortical sites (follicle interior)
Require Antigen w/ MHC: YES
Product of antigenic stim: Several types of sensitized T cells & mem cells
Fcxns: Cells fxcn in regulating immune fcxns, killing "foreign" cells; hypersensitivity; synthesize cytokines

Front 35

The basis for most immune responses is the encounter between ?

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Antigens and WBCs

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There are many different classes of T-cell receptors or markers called ?

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CD cluster (cluster of differentiation).

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All CD receptors are capable of recognizing antigen only when it is presented together with ??

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MHC molecules

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CD4 receptors are for?

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T helper cells

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CD8 receptors are for ?

Back 39

T cytotoxic cells

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T-cell dependent antigens must be processed by phagocytes called?

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APC
Antigen presenting cells

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APCs do what? Then what happens to the Ag?

Back 41

APCs modify the antigen;
then the Ag is moved to the APC surface and bound to MHC receptor

Front 42

Antigen presentation involves a direct collaboration among what?

Back 42

an APC and a T helper cell

Front 43

Interleukin-1 is secreted by what to activate what?

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Interleukin-1 is secreted by APC to activate T-helper cells

Front 44

Interleukin-2 is produced by what to activate what ?

Back 44

Interleukin-2 is produced by T-helper to activate B and other T cells.

Front 45

APCs secrete what to activate what?

Back 45

Interleukin-1 to activate T-helper cells

Front 46

T-helper cells secrete what to activate what?

Back 46

Interleukin-2 to activate B and other T cells

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B-cell activation and antibody production (2 things)

Back 47

1 - Once B cells process the Ag, interact with Th cells, and are stimulated by growth and differentiation factors, they enter the cell cycle in preparation for mitosis and clonal expansion
2 - Divisions give rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory cells that can react to the same antigen later.

Front 48

Memory cells are ?

Back 48

- Cloned cells bearing specificity
- Persistent, long-term cells that can react with the same antigen on future exposures

Front 49

Antibody structure and Functions

Back 49

1. Immunoglobulins
2. Large Y-shaped protein
3. Consist of 4 polypeptide chains
4. Contains 2 identical fragments (Fab) with ends that bind to specific antigen
5. Fe binds to various cells and molecules of the immune system

Front 50

Antibody-Antigen Interactions: (Principle activity)

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Principle antibody activity - unite with the Ag, neutralize the Ag

Front 51

Antigen-Antibody interactions

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Opsonization
Agglutination
Neutralization

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Opsonization is ?

Back 52

Process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes

Front 53

Agglutination ?

Back 53

Ab aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps

Front 54

Neutralization is ?

Back 54

Abs fill the surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a microbial enzyme to prevent it from attaching
- Antitoxins are a special type of Ab that neutralize bacterial exotoxins

Front 55

What is the principle antibody activity?

Back 55

Unite with the Ag, neutralize the Ag

Front 56

Classes of Immunoglobulins (5)

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1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgD
5. IgE

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IgG

Back 57

Monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary), most prevalent

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IgA

Back 58

- Monomer circulates in blood, dimer in mucous and serous secretions

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IgM

Back 59

- Five monomers, first class synthesized following Ag encounter

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IgD

Back 60

- Monomer, serves as a receptor for antigen on B cells

Front 61

IgE

Back 61

Involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections

Front 62

Which Ig is involved in allergic responses and parasitic worm infections?

Back 62

IgE

Front 63

Which Ig is produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells and is most prevalent? (and serves in long-term immunity)

Back 63

IgG

Front 64

Which Ig is produced at first response to antigen and can serve as B-cell receptor?

Back 64

IgM

Front 65

Which Ig is a receptor on B cells ?

Back 65

IgD

Front 66

Antibodies: Responses?

Back 66

Primary response
Secondary response

Front 67

Primary response

Back 67

After first exposure to an Ag immune system produces IgM and a gradual increase in Ab titer (concentration of antibodies) with the production of IgG

Front 68

Secondary response

Back 68

After second contact with the same Ag, immune system produces a more rapid, stronger response due to memory cells

Front 69

Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are what type?

Back 69

IgM

Front 70

When the immune system is exposed again to the same immunogen within weeks, months, or even years, what happens in the secondary response?

Back 70

The rate of antibody synthesis, the peak titer, and the length of antibody persistence are greatly increased over the primary response.

Front 71

Which response to antigens is quick and potent strike against subsequent exposures to infectious agents?

Back 71

Secondary response

Front 72

B cell and antibodies

Back 72

- After B cells activation; Cells differentiate into memory and plasma cells; the plasma cells synthesize and release antibodies (IgM).

Front 73

T-Cells & Cell-Mediated Immunity

Back 73

- Cell-mediated immunity requires the direct involvement of T-lymphocytes
- T cells act directly against Ag and foreign cells when presented in association with an MHC carrier
- T cells secrete cytokines that act on other cells
- Sensitized T cells proliferate into long-lasting memory T cells

Front 74

Difference between betwn B cell and T cell response?

Back 74

T cell response is cell-mediated immunities.
- Whole T cell acts directly in contact with the antigen.
- Stimulate other T cells, B cells, and phagocytes.

Front 75

Types of T cells

Back 75

- T helper cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Natural killer cells

Front 76

T helper cells

Back 76

- CD4 or Th
- Most prevalent type of T cell
- regulate immune reaction to antigens, including other T and B cells
- Involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis
- Differentiate into T helper 1 cells or T helper 2 cells

Front 77

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 or Tc)

Back 77

Destroys foreign or abnormal cells by secreting performs that lyse cells

Front 78

Natural killer cells

Back 78

Lack specificity
Circulate through the spleen, blood, and lungs

Front 79

T cells & Superantigens

Back 79

- Reaction has drastic consequences
- Superantigens are a form of a virulence factor
- Provoke overwhelming immune responses by large numbers of T cells
- Release of cytokines
- Blood vessel damage
- Toxic shock
- Multiorgan damage

Front 80

Passive immunization is a type of ??

Back 80

A type of immunotherapy.
A person is given antibodies.

Front 81

Vaccination: Artificial active immunity?

Back 81

Deliberately exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic

Front 82

What's the principle behind artificial active immunity?

Back 82

To stimulate a primary and secondary anamnestic response to prepare the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen.

Front 83

Most vaccines are prepared from ...?
(4 things)

Back 83

1. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
2. Live, attenuated cells or viruses
3. Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses
4. Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents

Front 84

Table 15.3 Characteristic of Subsets of T cells -- T helper cell 1 (Th1)

Back 84

CD4 receptor
- Activates the cell-mediated immunity pathway, secretes tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma, also responsible for delayed hypersensitivity (allergy occurring several hours or days after contact)

Front 85

Table 15.3 Characteristic of Subsets of T cells -- T helper cell 2 (Th2)

Back 85

CD4 receptor.
Drives B-cell proliferation.
Secretes IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10;
Can dampen Th1 activity

Front 86

Table 15.3 Characteristic of Subsets of T cells -- T cytotoxic (Tc)

Back 86

CD8 receptor.
- Destroys a target foreign cell by lysis; important in destruction of complex microbes, cancer cells, virus-infected cells; graft injection; requires MHC 1 for function.

Front 87

Killed or Inactivate vaccines (2)

Back 87

- Cultivate the desired strain, treat it with formalin or some other agent that kills the agent but does not destroy its antigenicity
- Often require a larger dose and more boosters to be effective

Front 88

Live Attenuated Cells or Viruses

Back 88

Process that substantially lessens or negates the virulence of viruses or bacteria -- eliminates virulence factors

Front 89

Live Attenuated cells or Viruses (Advantages)

Back 89

1. Organisms can multiply and produce infection (but not disease) like the natural organism
2. They confer long-lasting protection
3. Usually require fewer doses and boosters

Front 90

Live Attenuated cells or Viruses (Disadvantages)

Back 90

Require special storage, can be transmitted to other people, can conceivably mutate back to virulent strain

Front 91

If the exact antigenic determinants that stimulate immunity are known, then.....?

Back 91

It is possible to produce a vaccine based on a selected component of a microorganism.
- Called Acellular or subcellular vaccines
- For viruses: "subunit vaccines"
- Antigen can be taken from cultures, produced by genetic engineering, or synthesized

Front 92

Some antigenic molecule types?

Back 92

- Capsules = pneumococcus, meningococcus
- Surface protein = anthrax, hepatitis B
- Exotoxins = diptheria, tetanus

Front 93

Which of these characteristics is not a major factor in adaptive or acquired immunity? [specificity, chemotaxis, recognition, memory]

Back 93

Chemotaxis

Front 94

The primary B-cell receptor is ?

Back 94

IgD

Front 95

In humans, B cells mature in the _____, and T cells mature in the ____.

Back 95

Bone marrow, thymus

Front 96

Small, simple molecules are ____ antigens?

Back 96

Poor antigens

Front 97

Which type of cell actually secretes antibodies? [T cell, macrophage, plasma cell, monocyte]

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Plasma cell

Front 98

CD4 cells are ____ cells and CD8 are ___ cells.

Back 98

helper; Cytotoxic.

Front 99

T helper cells receive antigen from ___ and cytotoxic T cells receive antigen from ____.

Back 99

Class 2 MHC; Class 1 MHC

Front 100

The cross-linkage of antigens by antibodies is known as ???

Back 100

agglutination

Front 101

The greatest concentration of antibodies is found in the ____ fraction of the serum.

Back 101

Gamma globulin

Front 102

T ____ cells assist in the functions of certain B cells and other T cells.

Back 102

T helper

Front 103

Tc cells are important in controlling ???

Back 103

Virus infections

Front 104

Vaccination is synonymous with _____ immunity?

Back 104

Artificial active

Front 105

Which of the following can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

Back 105

B cells, Macrophages, Dendritic cells

Front 106

Describe IgG.

Back 106

Monomer.
First antibody made during the 2ndary response.
Crosses the placenta.
Fixes complement.

Front 107

Describe IgA.

Back 107

Found in mucous secretions.
A dimer.

Front 108

Describe IgD.

Back 108

A monomer.
Primarily a surface receptor on B cells.

Front 109

Describe IgE.

Back 109

A monomer.
Involved in allergic reactions.

Front 110

Describe IgM.

Back 110

Has greatest number of Fabs (idk).
First antibody made during the primary purpose.
Fixes complement.

Front 111

A living microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vaccination ?

Back 111

Attenuated

Front 112

A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called ??

Back 112

Subunit

Front 113

Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of disease is called ?

Back 113

Herd immunity

Front 114

DNA vaccines contain ____ DNA that stimulates cells to make ____ antigens.

Back 114

Microbial. Protein.

Front 115

What is the purpose of an adjuvant? (idk)

Back 115

To improve the contact between the antigen and lymphocytes.

Front 116

What cells work closely with macrophages to provide the elegance and complexity of immune function?

Back 116

Lymphocytes

Front 117

The four main functional types of T cells include all of but which of the following? [Helper cells, suppressor cells, Cytotoxic cells, Delayed hypersensitivity cells, Plasma cells]

Back 117

Plasma cells

Front 118

Which is not a function of cell surface receptors of macrophages and lymphocytes?

Back 118

Determine the intensity of response to an antigen

Front 119

Major histocompatibility complex antigens are found on all human cells with the exception of what type of cells?

Back 119

Red blood cells

Front 120

Of the MHC genes, which codes for receptors that recognize and react with foreign antigens?

Back 120

Class 2 MHC

Front 121

What class of MHC receptors is found on the surface of all nucleated cells?

Back 121

Class 1 MHC

Front 122

What leads to the extreme variations in the expression of specific receptors in lymphocytes?

Back 122

Clonal Selection

Front 123

What is the process by which lymphocyte clones that develop a specificity for self molecules are eliminated or deleted from the pool of genetic diversity?

Back 123

Immune Tolerance

Front 124

A lymphocyte recognizes and responds to what component of an antigen?

Back 124

Antigenic determinant

Front 125

What is an example of a poor immunogen?

Back 125

Glycogen

Front 126

What is the component found in the human body which can serve as a carrier molecule when bound by haptens?

Back 126

Serum proteins

Front 127

What is responsible for incompatibilities that can occur during blood transfusions?

Back 127

Alloantigens

Front 128

What are the first cells that recognize a processed and presented T-dependent antigen?

Back 128

T helper cells

Front 129

What is the function of interleukin-1 (IL-1)?

Back 129

It activates T helper cells that have recognized processed and presented antigen.

Front 130

Once a B cell has processed and presented an antigen, what event must occur before it becomes activated?

Back 130

The B cell must bind to an activated T helper cell that has receptors for the same antigen.

Front 131

In what type of reaction do antibodies fill surface receptors on a virus or the active site on a molecule to prevent it from functioning normally?

Back 131

Neutralization

Front 132

What is the most prevalent antibody circulating throughout the tissue fluids and blood?

Back 132

IgG

Front 133

What antibody is a significant component of the mucous and serous secretions of the salivary glands, intestine, nasal membrane, breast, lung, and genitourinary tract?

Back 133

Dimeric IgA

Front 134

What type of cell is fused with a myeloma cell when producing a hybridoma?

Back 134

Plasma cell

Front 135

What is the mode of action of T cytotoxic cells?

Back 135

They secrete perforins that create pores in the membrane of a target cell.

Front 136

What is an example of artificial passive immunity?

Back 136

A person who receives immune serum during treatment for hepatitis