Mcb2010 Exam 4B - Ch. 14

Front 1

Defense Mechanisms of the Host (General info)

Back 1

- Innate, natural defenses: present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection
- Adaptive immunities: specific, must be acquired

Front 2

How many lines of defense are there?

Back 2

First
Second
Third

Front 3

First line of defense

Back 3

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry (Nonspecific)
- Physical and chemical

Front 4

How many lines of defense are there?

Back 4

First
Second
Third

Front 5

First line of defense

Back 5

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry (Nonspecific)
- Physical and chemical

Front 6

Second line of defense

Back 6

Protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis (Nonspecific)

Front 7

Third line of defense

Back 7

Acquired with exposure to foreign substance; produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells (SPECIFIC)

Front 8

Which line of defense is has physical and chemical barriers?

Back 8

First line of defense

Front 9

Which lines of defense are nonspecific?

Back 9

First and Second

Front 10

Which line of defense is specific?

Back 10

Third line of defense

Front 11

Which lines of defense are innate and acquired?

Back 11

First & Second line of defense = Innate
Third line of defense = Acquired

Front 12

First line of defense barriers ? (Name the 3 categories)

Back 12

Physical
Chemical
Genetic

Front 13

First line of defense: Physical barriers

Back 13

Skin, tears, coughing, sneezing

Front 14

First line of defense: Chemical barriers

Back 14

low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes

Front 15

First line of defense: Genetic barriers

Back 15

Resistance inherent in genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade)

Front 16

The primary physical and chemical defense barriers.

Back 16

Sebaceous glands, Tears (lysozyme), Mucus, Saliva (lysozyme), Ear wax, low pH, Cilia, Intact skin, Sweat glands (antimicrobic peptides), stomach acid, intestinal enzymes, mucus, defecation, urination

Front 17

First line of defense: Physical barriers

Back 17

Skin, tears, coughing, sneezing

Front 18

First line of defense: Chemical barriers

Back 18

low pH, lysozyme, digestive enzymes

Front 19

First line of defense: Genetic barriers

Back 19

Resistance inherent in genetic makeup of host (pathogen cannot invade)

Front 20

The primary physical and chemical defense barriers.

Back 20

Sebaceous glands, Tears (lysozyme), Mucus, Saliva (lysozyme), Ear wax, low pH, Cilia, Intact skin, Sweat glands (antimicrobic peptides), stomach acid, intestinal enzymes, mucus, defecation, urination

Front 21

Nonspecific Chemical Defenses

Back 21

Sebaceous secretions
Lysozyme
Lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
Skin's acidic pH
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Digestive juices and bile of intestines
Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical
Vagina has acidic pH

Front 22

Immunology

Back 22

Encompasses the study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense

Front 23

Primary functions of a healthy functioning immune system (3 things)

Back 23

1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Front 24

Immune System Definitions

Back 24

1. White Blood cells
2. Nonself/Self
3. Antigen

Front 25

White blood cells (leukocytes) do what?

Back 25

Innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

Front 26

Antigen ?

Back 26

Any substance that invokes an immune response

Front 27

Body compartments that participate in the immune system

Back 27

1. The spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain extracellular fluid
2. Bloodstream
3. Lymphatic system

Front 28

Blood (2 things)

Back 28

1 - Whole blood consists of plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
2 - Plasma = 92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions

Front 29

Granulocytes

Back 29

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Front 30

Neutrophils

Back 30

Lobed nuclei with lavender granules; phagocytes

Front 31

Nonspecific Chemical Defenses

Back 31

Sebaceous secretions
Lysozyme
Lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
Skin's acidic pH
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Digestive juices and bile of intestines
Semen contains an antimicrobial chemical
Vagina has acidic pH

Front 32

Immunology

Back 32

Encompasses the study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense

Front 33

Primary functions of a healthy functioning immune system (3 things)

Back 33

1. Surveillance of the body
2. Recognition of foreign material
3. Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Front 34

Immune System Definitions

Back 34

1. White Blood cells
2. Nonself/Self
3. Antigen

Front 35

White blood cells (leukocytes) do what?

Back 35

Innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

Front 36

Antigen ?

Back 36

Any substance that invokes an immune response

Front 37

Body compartments that participate in the immune system

Back 37

1. The spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain extracellular fluid
2. Bloodstream
3. Lymphatic system

Front 38

Blood (2 things)

Back 38

1 - Whole blood consists of plasma and formed elements (blood cells)
2 - Plasma = 92% water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factors, hormones, and all other chemicals and gases to support normal physiological functions

Front 39

Granulocytes

Back 39

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Front 40

Neutrophils

Back 40

Lobed nuclei with lavender granules; phagocytes

Front 41

Eosinophils ?

Back 41

Orange granules and bilobed nucleus; destroy eukaryotic pathogens

Front 42

Basophils ?

Back 42

Constricted nuclei, dark blue granules; release histamine
- Mast cells
- Allergic reactions

Front 43

Agranulocytes (2)

Back 43

Lymphocytes
Monocytes/macrophages

Front 44

Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes

Back 44

- Specific immune response
- B -> activated B cells produce antibodies
- T cells --> activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells

Front 45

Agranulocytes: Monocytes, macrophages

Back 45

- Largest of WBCs, kidney-shaped nucleus; phagocytic
- Macrophages: final differentiation of monocytes
- Dendritic cells: trap pathogens

Front 46

While cells deemed to be self are left alone, cells and other objects designated as foreign are marked for destruction by several methods, most commonly what method?

Back 46

Phagocytosis

Front 47

The body compartments that participate in the immune function are

Back 47

1. The reticuloendothelial
2. the spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain Extracellular fluid (ECF)
3. the bloodstream
4. the lymphatic system

Front 48

Functions of the lymphatic system
(3)

Back 48

1. To provide an auxiliary route for the return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system proper
2. To act as a "drain-off" system for the inflammatory response
3. To render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies.

Front 49

Actions of the Second Line of Defense

Back 49

1. Recognition
2. Inflammation
3. Phagocytosis
4. Interferon
5. Complement

Front 50

Inflammatory Response
(Classic signs & symptoms)

Back 50

1. Redness
2. Warmth
3. Swelling
4. Pain
(5. Possible loss of function)

Front 51

Redness (what's going on?)

Back 51

Increased CIRCULATION and VASODILATION in injured tissues in response to chemical mediators and cytokines

Front 52

Warmth (what's going on ?)

Back 52

Heat given off by the increased blood flow

Front 53

Swelling (What's going on ?)

Back 53

Increased fluid escaping into the tissue as blood vessels dilate -- edema; WBCs, microbes, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; helping prevent spread of infection

Front 54

Pain (what's going on?)

Back 54

Stimulation of nerve endings

Front 55

Chief functions of inflammation (3) ?

Back 55

1. Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury
2. To set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances
3. To destroy microbes and block their further invasion

Front 56

Table 14.2 Characteristics of Leukocytes -- NEUTROPHILS

Back 56

Prevalence: 55-90% of WBCs
Appearance: Multilobed nuclei; small purple granules containing digestive enzymes
Fcxn: General phagocytosis
Comments: Life span of 8 days, with only 6-12 hours spent in the circulation

Front 57

Table 14.2 Characteristics of Leukocytes -- EOSINOPHILS

Back 57

Prevalence: 1-3% of WBCs
Appearance: Bilobed nucleus with large orange granules containing toxic proteins, inflammatory mediators, and digestive enzymes
Fcxn: Destruction of large eukaryotic pathogens such as worms and fungi
Comments: Found in much higher numbers in the spleen and bone marrow

Front 58

Table 14.2 Characteristics of Leukocytes -- BASOPHILS

Back 58

Prevalence: 0.5% of WBCs
Appearance: Pale-staining, constricted nuclei with dark blue to black granules
Fcxn: Respond to large eukaryotic pathogens and recruit other leukocytes
Comments: Cytoplasmic granules contain histamines, prostaglandins, and other chemical mediators of the allergic response

Front 59

Table 14.2 Characteristics of Leukocytes -- MONOCYTES

Back 59

Prevalence: 3-7% of WBCs
Appearance: Largest WBC; nuclei large, ovoid, and often indented -- no cytoplasmic granules visible using a light microscope
Fcxn: Phagocytosis, followed by final differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells
Comments: Monocytes also secrete several chemicals that moderate the fcxns of immune system

Front 60

Table 14.2 Charcteristics of Leukocytes -- LYMPHOCYTES

Back 60

Prevalence: 20-35% of WBCs
Appearance: Small spherical cells with uniformly staining dark, round nuclei
Fcxn: Specific (acquired) immunity
Comments: 2 Types of lymphocytes exist. T cells - cell-mediated immunity; B cells - responsible for humoral immunity

Front 61

Rise in Neutrophils indicates?

Back 61

On the forefront of battle;
General bacterial infection

Front 62

Rise in Monocytes indicates?

Back 62

Increased amounts = bacterial infection.

Front 63

Rise in Eosinophils indicates?

Back 63

Increased amounts = under protozoal/parasitic infections.

Front 64

Basophils indicates?

Back 64

Involved in allergic responses

Front 65

Rise in lymphocytes indicates?

Back 65

Low counts = viral.
Though not always
High counts = disease e.g. Epstein-Barr (Mono)

Front 66

Total WBC ?

Back 66

6k - 12k gives you the total #.

Front 67

Higher numbers of Total WBC indicates?

Back 67

Bacterial/parasitic infection

Front 68

Lower counts of Total WBC indicates?

Back 68

Viral/mycoplasma

Front 69

Differential WBC is what?

Back 69

Tells you the percentages of the different types of WBCs

Front 70

High eosinophils in a differential WBC indicates what?

Back 70

Parasitic infections

Front 71

High monocytes in a differential WBC indicates what?

Back 71

Bacterial infection

Front 72

Histamine is a .....?

Back 72

Vasodilator.
Involved in inflammatory response.
Antihistamine is for allergic responses.

Front 73

Antihistamine is does what?

Back 73

Its for allergic responses.
Allows for reduction of inflammation.

Front 74

Scenario: Little Jane has 3.5 Basophil differential count. What's up with her?

Back 74

She's having allergic responses.

Front 75

Scenario: Little Jane's total WBC is 6500. What's up with her?

Back 75

Viral infection.

Front 76

Phagocytosis (3 Activities)

Back 76

1. To survey tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and dead or injured cells
2. To ingest and eliminate these materials
3. To extract immunogenic information from foreign matter

Front 77

Phagocytes and Phagocytosis:
Main types of phagocytes?

Back 77

1. Neutrophils
2. Macrophages

Front 78

Function of Neutrophils

Back 78

- General purpose; react early to bacteria and other foreign materials, and to damaged tissue

Front 79

Function of Macrophages

Back 79

- Derived from monocytes
- Scavenge and process foreign substances to prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes

Front 80

A common sign of bacterial infection is what?

Back 80

A high neutrophil count in the blood.

Front 81

Neutrophils are also a primary component of ???

Back 81

Pus

Front 82

Eosinophils are attracted to what sites??

Back 82

Parasitic infections and antigen-antibody reactions
(though they play only a minor phagocytic role).

Front 83

Phagocytosis

Back 83

- "Eating cell"
- Engulfment. Actively attack and dismantle foreign cells with a wide array of antimicrobial substances
- Events include: chemotaxis, ingestion, phagolysosome formation, destruction, and excretion

Front 84

Mechanisms of Phagocytic Recognition, Engulfment, and Killing

Back 84

- Chemotaxis and ingestion: phagocytes migrate and recognize PAMPs (phagosome)
- Phagolysosome: lysosome fused with phagosome (death ~ 30 mins)
- Destruction and elimination
+ Oxygen-dependent system
+ Liberation of lactic acid, lysozyme, and nitric oxide

Front 85

Interferon (4 things)

Back 85

- Small protein produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells
- Produced in response to viruses, RNA, immune products, and various antigens
- Bind to cell surfaces and induce expression of antiviral proteins
- Inhibit expression of cancer genes

Front 86

Complement (2 things)

Back 86

- Consists of 26 blood proteins that work in concert to destroy bacteria and viruses
- Complement proteins are activated by cleavage (cascade reaction)

Front 87

Complement (2 pathways)

Back 87

1. Classical - activated by the presence of antibody bound to microorganism
- Lectin pathway: nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds mannan
2. Alternative -- begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microorganisms.

Front 88

Unique Characteristics of Leukocytes
(2 Things)

Back 88

1. Diapedesis
2. Chemotaxis

Front 89

Diapedesis

Back 89

-- migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues

Front 90

Chemotaxis

Back 90

-- migration in response to specific chemicals at the site of injury or injection

Front 91

Fever is initiated by ?????

Back 91

Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature; signals muscles to increase heat production and vasoconstriction

Front 92

Exogenous pyrogens are ?

Back 92

Products of infectious agents

Front 93

Endogenous pyrogens are ?

Back 93

Liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagyctosis; interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Front 94

Benefits of fever

Back 94

- Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms
- Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the available iron
- Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and protective physiological processes

Front 95

An example of a nonspecific chemical barrier to infection is ???

Back 95

Lysozyme in saliva

Front 96

Which nonspecific host defense is associated with the trachea?

Back 96

Ciliary lining

Front 97

What blood cells function primarily as phagocytes?

Back 97

Neutrophils

Front 98

What is included in Galt?

Back 98

Peyer's patches

Front 99

A signaling molecule from microbes recognized by phagocytes is ??

Back 99

PAMPs

Front 100

Monocytes are ??? leukocytes that develop into ???

Back 100

Granular/ macrophages

Front 101

What inflammatory signs specifies pain?

Back 101

Dolor

Front 102

Toll-like receptors are proteins on ??

Back 102

Phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules

Front 103

An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is ???

Back 103

Histamine

Front 104

A signaling molecule from microbes recognized by phagocytes is ??

Back 104

PAMPs

Front 105

Monocytes are ??? leukocytes that develop into ???

Back 105

Granular/ macrophages

Front 106

What inflammatory signs specifies pain?

Back 106

Dolor

Front 107

Toll-like receptors are proteins on ??

Back 107

Phagocytes that recognize foreign molecules

Front 108

An example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates vasodilation is ???

Back 108

Histamine

Front 109

Which is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates chemotaxis? (Endotoxin, Fibrin clot, Serotonin, Interleukin-2)

Back 109

Fibrin clot

Front 110

An example of an exogenous pyrogen is ??

Back 110

Endotoxin

Front 111

[Blank] interferon, produced by T lymphocytes, activates cells called [Blank] and is involved in destroying viruses.

Back 111

Alpha
Natural killer cells

Front 112

Which of the following substances is not produced by phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms?
[Hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, bradykinin]

Back 112

Bradykinin

Front 113

What is the end product of the complement system?

Back 113

Membrane attack complex

Front 114

The physical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against infection include all except which of the following? (Skin, flow of saliva, hair follicles, mucocutaneous membranes, lysozyme)

Back 114

Lysozyme

Front 115

What physical barrier protects the trachea and bronchi against infection?

Back 115

Ciliated epithelium

Front 116

Where is lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan, found in the body?

Back 116

In saliva and tears

Front 117

What fluid-filled compartment does not participate in immune function?

Back 117

Cerebrospinal

Front 118

Why is the reticuloendothelial system considered intrinsic to immune function?

Back 118

Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.

Front 119

Which is an example of an inflammatory mediator that stimulates chemotaxis? (Endotoxin, Fibrin clot, Serotonin, Interleukin-2)

Back 119

Fibrin clot

Front 120

An example of an exogenous pyrogen is ??

Back 120

Endotoxin

Front 121

[Blank] interferon, produced by T lymphocytes, activates cells called [Blank] and is involved in destroying viruses.

Back 121

Alpha
Natural killer cells

Front 122

Which of the following substances is not produced by phagocytes to destroy engulfed microorganisms?
[Hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, bradykinin]

Back 122

Bradykinin

Front 123

What is the end product of the complement system?

Back 123

Membrane attack complex

Front 124

The physical barriers that serve as the first line of defense against infection include all except which of the following? (Skin, flow of saliva, hair follicles, mucocutaneous membranes, lysozyme)

Back 124

Lysozyme

Front 125

What physical barrier protects the trachea and bronchi against infection?

Back 125

Ciliated epithelium

Front 126

Where is lysozyme, the enzyme that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan, found in the body?

Back 126

In saliva and tears

Front 127

What fluid-filled compartment does not participate in immune function?

Back 127

Cerebrospinal

Front 128

Why is the reticuloendothelial system considered intrinsic to immune function?

Back 128

Because it provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.

Front 129

What type of white blood cell is heavily concentrated within the reticuloendothelial system?

Back 129

Macrophages

Front 130

By four years of age, human blood cell production becomes devoted to several sites. Which of the following is not a site for blood cell production?

Back 130

Liver

Front 131

White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets all arise from what type of progenitor cells?

Back 131

Pluripotential stem cells

Front 132

What type of cell is involved in bloodclotting and inflammation?

Back 132

Platelets

Front 133

The agranulocytes include all of the following cell types except which? (Dendritic cells, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Macrophages)

Back 133

Neutrophils

Front 134

Leukocytes (WBCs) are made up of all but which of the following cell types?

Back 134

Platelets

Front 135

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Back 135

Phagocytosis

Front 136

What type of WBC attacks and destroys large eucaryotic pathogens and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation?

Back 136

Eosinophils

Front 137

What cells are directly responsible for the release of histamine and other allergic stimulants during immediate allergies?

Back 137

Mast cells

Front 138

Where do B lymphocytes mature in humans?

Back 138

Bone marrow

Front 139

What type of cell modulates immune functions and kills foreign cells?

Back 139

T lymphocytes

Front 140

What is the name of the process by which WBCs adhere to the inner walls of small blood vessels and then migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces?

Back 140

Diapedesis

Front 141

The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all except which of the following?

Back 141

Headache

Front 142

What is the overall effect of vasodilation that occurs following an injury?

Back 142

Blood flow to the injured site is increased.

Front 143

Chemical mediators released following injury perform all but which of the following functions?

Back 143

Cause the differentiation of stem cells

Front 144

Leukocytes (WBCs) are made up of all but which of the following cell types?

Back 144

Platelets

Front 145

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Back 145

Phagocytosis

Front 146

What type of WBC attacks and destroys large eucaryotic pathogens and is involved in allergic reactions and inflammation?

Back 146

Eosinophils

Front 147

What cells are directly responsible for the release of histamine and other allergic stimulants during immediate allergies?

Back 147

Mast cells

Front 148

Where do B lymphocytes mature in humans?

Back 148

Bone marrow

Front 149

What type of cell modulates immune functions and kills foreign cells?

Back 149

T lymphocytes

Front 150

What is the name of the process by which WBCs adhere to the inner walls of small blood vessels and then migrate out of the blood into the tissue spaces?

Back 150

Diapedesis

Front 151

The classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all except which of the following?

Back 151

Headache

Front 152

What is the overall effect of vasodilation that occurs following an injury?

Back 152

Blood flow to the injured site is increased.

Front 153

Chemical mediators released following injury perform all but which of the following functions?

Back 153

Cause the differentiation of stem cells

Front 154

What produces and releases endogenous pyrogens?

Back 154

Neutrophils

Front 155

When monocytes migrate from blood vessels into tissues, inflammatory mediatory transform them into what?

Back 155

Macrophages

Front 156

Where does actual destruction of ingested material occur during phagocytosis?

Back 156

Phagolysosome

Front 157

What are some symptoms seen in people with Wiskott-Alldrich Syndrome?

Back 157

TIE: Thrombocytopenic purpura, Infx, Eczema