Mcb2010 Exam 2C - Ch. 23

Front 1

Typical Protozoan Pathogens (3 points)

Back 1

1.Single-celled, most having some form of motility.
2. Estimated 100k species, abt 25 important pathogens
3. Life cycles vary:
- trophozoite
- many form cyst
- others have both asexual and
sexual phases

Front 2

Table 23.1 (p.695)
Name the 3 AMEBOID PROTOZOA.

Back 2

Entamoeba Histolytica
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria

Front 3

Table 23.1 (p.695)
Name the 1 CILIATED PROTOZOA.

Back 3

Balantidium coli

Front 4

Table 23.1 (p.695)
Name 3 FLAGELLATED PROTOZOA.

Back 4

Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanoso brucei, T. cruzi (Hemoflagellate)

Front 5

Table 23.1 (p.695)
Name several APICOMPLEXAN PROTOZOA.

Back 5

Plasmodium
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium

Front 6

Describe E. histolytica.
[Disease, Vector, infection location, acquired, sample used to test, life stages, geographic location]

Back 6

1. Disease = Amebic Dysentery
2. Vectore = None
3. Location of infection = L. intestines, liver
4. Acquired = ingested
5. Sample = fecal, stained, ELISA test
6. Life stages = Troph; Cysts
7. Geo = Tropics (Afr, Asia, L. Amer)

Front 7

Describe Acanthamoeba.
[Disease, Vector, location, acquired, sample, life stages, geo]

Back 7

1. Disease = Brain infection
2. Vector = None
3. Location = Brain. Spinal tissue.
4. Acquired = broken skin, conjunctiva, lungs, urogenital
5. Sample = Brain tissue
6. Life stages = Amoeba, cyst
7. Geo = Fresh, brackish water (standing water)

Front 8

Describe Naegleria.
[Disease, Vector, location, acquired, sample, life stages, geo]

Back 8

1. Disease = brain infection
2. Vector = no
3. Location = Brain. spinal tissue.
4. Acquired = Ameba in nasal mucosa
5. Sample = brain tissue.
6. Life stages = Ameba, cyst
7. Geo = fresh standing water

Front 9

Describe Balantidium.
[Disease, Vector, location, acquired, sample, life stages, geo]

Back 9

1. Disease = Balantidiosis
2. Vector = No
3. Location of infection = Intestines
4. Acquired = Ingested Contam. F/W
5. Sample = feces
6. Life stages = Trophozoite, cyst
7. Geo = Pigs, sheep, cattle, horses. Institutional settings.

Front 10

Describe Giardia.
[Disease, Vector, location, acquired, sample, life stages, geo]

Back 10

1. Disease = Giardiasis
2. Vector = No
3. location = intestines
4. Acquired = Ingested contam F/W; fomites
5. Smpl = Clinical specimen, feces, DNA assay
6. Life stage = Troph. Cyst.
7. Geo = Fresh mtn water, chlorinated city water; animal intestines

Front 11

Describe Trypanosoma.
[Disease, Vector, Location, Acquisition, Sample, Life stages, geo]

Back 11

1. Disease = Trypanosomiasis
2. Vector = YES! (TC) Reduviid "kissing bug"; (TB) Tsetse fly
3. Location = Lymph nodes, muscle/white blood cells.
4. Acquired = from animals by kissing bug and itching (self-inoculation)
5. Smpl - Blood, SF, lymph node, Immunologic test, serologic test

Front 12

Describe Plasmodium.
[Disease, Vector, Location of infection, Acquired, Sample, Life stages, Geo]

Back 12

1. Disease = Malaria
2. Vector = Anophiles female mosquit
3. Location = liver?
4. Acquired = mosquito bite
5. Smple = stained blood smear
6. Stages = asexual (sporozoites), sexual (merozoite), trophozoite
7. Geo = Africa

Front 13

Describe Toxoplasma gondii.
[Disease, Vector, Location, Acquired, Sample, Life stages, Geo]

Back 13

1. Disease = Toxoplasmosis
2. Vector = cat
3. Location = Brain lesions.
4. Acquired - airborne. ingest raw/poor meat; unhygienic cat grooming
5. Smpl = Serological test
6. Life stages = Sexual phase> oocyst> asexual tissue tachyzoite
7. Feline, rodents. ???

Front 14

Describe Cryptosporidium.
[Disease, Vector, Location, Acquired, Sample, Life stages, Geo]

Back 14

1. Disease = Cryptosporidiosis.
2. Vector = ??
3. Location = intestinal cells
4. Acquired = Contam. water by livestock waste
5. Smple = fecal samples, acid-fast biopsy tissue
6. Life stage = intestinal oocyst, tissue phase
7. Geo = unreliable water/food sanitation

Front 15

Describe Babesia.
[Disease, Vector, Location, Acquired, sample, life stages, geo]

Back 15

1. Disease = Babesiosis, redwater fever, piroplasmosis
2. Vector = YES! Tick
3. Location = erythrocytes (RBCs)
4. Acquired = Ixodes tick bite on wild rodent
5. Smpl = Blood, urine
6. Life stages = like plasmodia
7. Geo = Northeast US

Front 16

The distribution of parasitic diseases is influenced by several factors. (List).

Back 16

Rapid travel. Immigration. Immunocompromised patients.

Front 17

The 4 commonly recognized groups protozoan types are ?

Back 17

1. Sarcodians
2. Ciliatesd
3. Flagellates
4. Apicomplexans

Front 18

Protozoans are classified into 4 groups by what trait?

Back 18

Motility.
1. Sarcodians -> pseudopods
2. Cilates -> cilia
3. Flagellates -> flagella
4. apicomplexans -> lack typical organelles for movement

Front 19

What is the active feeding cell of most protozoans called? What is the term for the formation that can survive for periods outside the host and cause infection?>

Back 19

a.Trophozoite
b. Cyst

Front 20

Parasitology is ?

Back 20

The study of eucaryotic parasites.

Front 21

What are considered macroparasites and what are considered microparasites?

Back 21

Macroparasites = protozoa (unicellular animals) and helminths (worms)

Microparasites = helminths (bacteria and viruses)

Front 22

Another name for vectors is ?

Back 22

Arthropods

Front 23

What protozoan organism causes a nasty diarrhea?

Back 23

E. Histolytica (Amebiasis)

Front 24

Who can pass on the E. Histolytica parasite?

Back 24

Asymptomatic hosts

Front 25

What gastric juice helps dissolve the Entameobic cyst in the small intestine?

Back 25

Hydrochloric acid

Front 26

Which amebic infections may be acquired from poorly chlorinated hotspas?

Back 26

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba

Front 27

Which protozoans cause Primary Acute meningoencephalitis?

Back 27

Naegleria, Acanthamoeba

Front 28

Which protozoan is a Ciliate Pathogen that causes a nasty diarrhea?

Back 28

Balantidium

Front 29

Which protozoan is a Flagellate and whose symptoms is similar to Candida vaginosis?

Back 29

Trichomonas species

Front 30

General description for hemoflagellates?

Back 30

Vector-borne blood parasites.

Front 31

A zoonotic infection is?

Back 31

Infection thru transmission by animals.

Front 32

Which species of protozoans has vectors of a bug and fly?

Back 32

Trypanosomas.

Front 33

What are the vectors for Trypanosomiasis?

Back 33

T. cruzi = Reduviid bug (kissing)
T. brucei = Tse tse fly

Front 34

How many life stages for T. cruzi ?

Back 34

4 - amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote

Front 35

How many life stages for T. brucei?

Back 35

2 - only epimastigote and trypomastigote

Front 36

Which protozoan group is considered the most unusual because it lacks well-developed locomotor organelles?

Back 36

Apicomplexans (Sporozoans)

Front 37

What are the 2 life stages for malaria?

Back 37

1. Asexual - human (sporozoites)
2. Sexual - mosquito (merozoites)

Front 38

Which protozoan is the dominant protozoan disease, threatening 40% of the world's population every year?

Back 38

Plasmodium.

Front 39

How many species of Plasmodium are there?

Back 39

4 - P. malariae, P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale

Front 40

Which species of Plasmodium causes fatality soon after symptoms appear?

Back 40

P. falciparum

Front 41

What is schizogony? In what protozoan organism does it occur?

Back 41

Process of cell division happens in parasites; plasmodium

Front 42

With malaria, the cycle can continue because?

Back 42

Anywhere there are healthy RBCs, it continues.

Front 43

General description of Coccidian parasites.

Back 43

Zoonotic apicomplexan protozoans in domestic mammals and birds causing severe human diseases.

Front 44

Name several Coccidian protozoan parasites.

Back 44

Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia

Front 45

What are the life stages for Coccidian protozoan parasites.

Back 45

Dormant oocysts and pseudocysts.

Front 46

All protozoan pathogens have which phase?

Back 46

Trophozoite

Front 47

E. Histolytica primarily invades the ?

Back 47

Large instestine

Front 48

Giardia is a/an ......... that invades the ........?

Back 48

Flagellate; small intestine

Front 49

Hemoflagellates are transmitted by....?

Back 49

Insect vectors

Front 50

Plasmodium reproduces sexually in the ..... and asexually in the ......?

Back 50

Mosquite/human

Front 51

In the exoerythrocytic phase of infection, Plasmodium invades the ?

Back 51

Liver

Front 52

An oocyst is found in ...... and a pseudocyst is found in ........?

Back 52

feces, tissue

Front 53

A person can acquire toxoplasmosis from ?

Back 53

1 - pseudocysts in raw meat
2 - Oocysts in air
3 - Cleaning out the cat litter box

Front 54

All adult helminths produce ...?

Back 54

Fertilized eggs and larvae

Front 55

The ____ host is where the larva develops, and the ____ host is where the adults produce fertile eggs.

Back 55

Intermediate.
Definitive

Front 56

Antihelminthic medications work by ?

Back 56

Paralyzing the worm and disrupting worm's metabolism

Front 57

A host defense that is most active in worm infestations is ?

Back 57

Eosinophils

Front 58

Currently, the most common nematode infestation worldwide is ?

Back 58

Ascariasis

Front 59

Hookworm diseases are spread by?

Back 59

the feces of humans

Front 60

Trichinosis can only be spread from HUMAN TO HUMAN by ?

Back 60

Cannibalism

Front 61

The swelling of limbs typical of elephantiasis is due to ?

Back 61

Lymphatic circulation being blocked by filarial worm

Front 62

Which of the following is not considered an insect vector?

Back 62

Tick (for real?)

Front 63

The _____ mosquito feeds on blood, which is required for development of ____.

Back 63

female, eggs

Front 64

Which of the recognized groups of protozoans lack typical organelles for movement?

Back 64

Apicomplexans

Front 65

Where is the highest occurrence of amebiasis found?

Back 65

Tropical regions

Front 66

Although both Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba are found in many water supplies, where they are especially abundant?

Back 66

In warm waters containing high concentrations of bacteria

Front 67

What is the reservoir for Balantidium coli?

Back 67

Lg intestines of pig

Front 68

Which mastigophoran species causes a sexually transmitted disease?

Back 68

Trichomonas vaginalis

Front 69

What is the most common flagellate isolated in clinical specimens

Back 69

Giardia lamblia

Front 70

What form of Giardia lamblia plays a greater role in transmission?

Back 70

Cysts

Front 71

How are both Trypanosoma and Leishmania spread?

Back 71

By blood-sucking vectors

Front 72

In what developmental stage of the homoflagellates does the organism possess a free anterior flagellum and an undulating membrane?

Back 72

Epimastigote

Front 73

How are trypanosomes able to evade the host immune system?

Back 73

They continuously alter their surface antigens.

Front 74

What organ is targeted during an infection with Trypanosoma cruzi?

Back 74

Heart

Front 75

What is the most prevalent protozoan disease in the world?

Back 75

Malaria

Front 76

Where do most new cases of malaria occur?

Back 76

Africa

Front 77

In malaria, where do the asexual sporozoites undergo schizogony to form merozoites?

Back 77

In liver cells

Front 78

What organism causes the most dangerous form of malaria?

Back 78

P. falciparum

Front 79

The Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, WI prompted water treatment plants to make what change?

Back 79

Begin filtering water supplies

Front 80

Transmission of cyclosporiasis occurs by what method?

Back 80

Fecal-oral route

Front 81

Babesiosis resembles what disease in both pathology and symptomology?

Back 81

Malaria

Front 82

Which group has the highest rate of helminth infections?

Back 82

Children in rural topical or subtropical areas

Front 83

Which is not a pathological effect of helminth infections?

Back 83

Diarrhea

Front 84

What helminth is responsible for causing the greatest number of worm infections worldwide?

Back 84

Ascaris lumbricoides

Front 85

How do humans acquire trichinosis?

Back 85

By eating the uncooked meat of an infected animal

Front 86

What helminthic infection results in elephantiasis?

Back 86

Bancroftian filariasis

Front 87

What is the intermediate host for the schistosomes?

Back 87

Snails