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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prophase |
- Chromosomes condense - Spindle assembles and attaches to the centromeres of chromosomes - Nuclear membrane breaks down |
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Metaphase |
- Chromosome aligns in the center of the cell |
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Anaphase |
- Microtubules shorten - Chromosomes part and sister chromatids get further apart |
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Telophase |
- The spindle disassembles - Nuclear membrane re-forms around the two sets of chromosomes |
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Cytokinesis |
- Organelles and macromolecules form in the two daughter cells - Microfilaments contracts separating the newly formed cells - Overlaps with the final stages of mitosis |
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Genotype |
The composition of a gene, or set of genes, for an individual |
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Phenotype |
The physical manifestations of a specific genotype |
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Transcription |
- the sequence of bases in a gene instructs production of an RNA with a specific sequence of nucleotides |
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Translation |
- the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA instructs the production of a protein with a specific sequence of amino acids |
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Transcription Initiation |
- The first protein to bind to the DNA is called the TATA binding protein - Allows the RNA polymerase to join the complex of proteins and begin to make RNA |
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Transcription Elongation |
- The new strand of RNA is single stranded, goes 5' to 3' - RNA that encodes a protein sequence is called messenger RNA or mRNA |
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Transcription Termination |
- A certain series of nucleotides signals the RNA polymerase to fall off the DNA strand and end the production of the mRNA |
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Exons |
- Contain information needed to make the correct protein |
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Introns |
- Do NOT contain information needed to make a protein - Must be removed from mRNA; completed by a complex called the spliceosome - Make up much of the DNA in the human genome - contain important information (regulatory regions) that controls whether and where genes get expressed (transcribed) |
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Methionine |
- the start codon AUG for translation |
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tRNA |
-transfer RNA. A tRNA recognizes a codon via its anticodon loop and binds to the mRNA at that spot. - The tRNA also has an amino acid binding site at the other end--the anticodon site defines which amino acid the tRNA will carry. - Each tRNA can only carry one amino acid. - It is the tRNA that brings the correct amino acid to the elongating strand of amino acids that will make up the protein |
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Ribosomal subunits |
-A messenger RNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit first. - Then the large ribosomal subunit binds. - The ribosomal complex serves to stabilize the mRNA, providing binding sites for the tRNAs that must bind to the mRNA. - The ribosomal complex also moves down the RNA, revealing one new codon at a time to be bound to the tRNAs. |
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Translation Initiation |
- The mRNA binds to both ribosomal subunits. The ribosome locates the AUG start codon and the first tRNA brings methionine to the complex - The ribosome moves down the mRNA from 5' to 3' |
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Translation Elongation |
- The 2nd tRNA binds the complex. - There are two tRNA binding sites on the ribosome, this tRNA fills the second site, the first site was filled by the methionine tRNA during initiation. - When two tRNAs are present, the two amino acids join together by forming a peptide bond between them. Then, the first tRNA moves out, and the second tRNA (now carrying both amino acids) moves into the 1st site as the ribosomal complex moves down the mRNA. |
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Translation Termination |
- Stop codons: UAG, UAA, UGA
- These stop codons are bound by a release factor, thus allowing the peptide chain to stop and the translation complex falls apart |
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Mutations |
- Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence.
- They can occur by a change in a base(s), the loss of a base(s) or the addition of a base(s). - The only way that a mutation can be passed onto the next generation is if the mutation is produced in a germ cell. |
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Somatic Mutation |
- Genetic alteration acquired by a somatic cell that can be passed to the progeny of the mutated cell in the course of cell division.
- These mutations are not passed down to the next organismal generation |
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Germline Mutation |
- Affect every cell in an organism and are passed on to offspring, they are heritable mutations. |
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Missense Mutations |
- A single base change in a codon that results in a change of amino acid at that spot |
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Nonsense Mutation |
- A change in a codon that results in a stop codon and premature termination of the protein (Stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA) - Donot shorten the mRNA, they only shorten the protein |
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Karyotype |
- All the chromosomes of the human cell have been isolated and lined up in their chromosome order |
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Autosomes |
-Everyone has 2 of each kind of autosome (1-22) |
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Sex Chromosomes |
- either 2 X or an X and Y |
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Exome |
- All DNA sequences that encode proteins 1.5% of genome |
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S Phase G Phase M Phase |
- DNA Synthesis (chromosome replication) - "Gap or "Growth" phase - Mitosis (Nuclear division: 4 stages) |
