Mcb Exam #3

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Gram + cocci

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strep; staph

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Gram - cocci

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Neisseria

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Gram + Bacilli

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Bacillus; Clostridium

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Gram - Bacilli

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Enterobacteriae: e. coli; Shigella; Salmonella; Klebsiella; Proteus; Yersinia;

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Vibrio

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V. Cholerae; V. Vulnificans

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Campylobacter Jejuni - what is it, what does it cause; ID 50; Virulence Factors

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G negative vibrio
ID50 LOW (easy to get sick)
Gastroenteritis - Guillian Barre Syndrome
Virulence Factors: Attachment; Toxins

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Campylobacter Jejuni - Clinical Manifestations; Diagnosis

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Clinical: lasts 10 days; watery or sticky diarrhea --> bloody
Diagnosis: easily confused w other bacteria so you need a special technique (culture)

Most common during summer

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Most common bacteria during summer:

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Campylobacter Jejuni

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Epidemiology of Campylobacter Jejuni

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Normal flora in animals used for food, household pets

contamination of soil & water

ingestion of contaminated poultry, milk, untreated water

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Chlamydia Trachcomatis - Forms; varieties; can cause; best way to detect; transfer

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elementary bodies - smaller infectious transmissable form & reticular bodies (larger);
varieties - trachoma (eye infection), LGV (lymphogranuloma venereum, mouse pathogen
causes: PID, sterility (necrosis) ectopic pregnancy, conjuctivitis (non chronic eye), trachoma (chronic eye)
Detect with Fluorescent Ab
Transfer via CONTACT & aerosol (sometimes)

Most common STD

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Neisseria meningitidis - how you get it, STD? Humans? Virulence factors; how the disease works; Symptoms; Treatment; Vaccine?

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only infects humans; aerosols; NOT STD;
Virulence - Capsules (antiphag); Endotoxin (LOS); IgA protease; Transferrin (Fe Binding protein)

Colonizes, can become carrier or get disease (serious b/c can get pharyngitis & septicemia bad b/c of LOS)
Symptoms - skin lesions (hemorragic fever) for infants; adrenal malfunct; inflam of brain & spinal cord

Treat - chloramphenicol (kind of toxic tho)

better complement --> carrier; no complement --> get disease b/c extracellular killing is reduced

Vaccine w/ actual N. men; Capsule; capsule that is similar

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae - human only? Virulence; Vaccine; male/female; causes.... disease in females; Complications; Treatment

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human & animals; not resistant to environmental stress;
Virulence - Pili (which is always changing so can't develop Vaccine)
Opa proteins, Tbps, Lbp (transferrin & lactoferrin), LOS with lipid A endotoxin activity
Female more likely to get it after first exposure
Can cause PID in female bc bacteria engulfued in epithelium and sent to submucosal area causing pain. Most are asymptomatic
Complications - Joint Swelling (Purulent Arthritis), Eye infection treated with Silver nitrate. (new borns)

Treatment - penicillin; beta-lactamase; Quinolones

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Neisseria spp.

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Gram Neg. Cocci; non-motile; aerobic; LOS; fastidious - chocolate blood agar w/ antibiotic in medium.

N. meningitidis; N. gonorrhoeae

Normal flora of upper respiratory tract

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Bacillus Anthracis - pathology? ways to infect? virulence factors?

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spores; zoonotic; skin infection common; aerosols; capsule prevents phagocytosis; exotoxin that is deadly

Cutaneous - common w livestock owners, not likely to kill
Inhalation - flu symptoms, respiratory failure & death (biological weapons)

Vegetative stage where it multiplies --> Sporulation - where it wraps vital components in shell & resists elements --> Germination occurs where it can become vegetative again when conditions are favorable.

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Mycobacterium Tuberculosis - how many infected? local/systemic? about cell wall? gram+/-? Spores? motile? Virulence factors? Animals associated? Pathogenesis? Symptoms.

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rod shape; acid fast positive; No gram rxn; cell wall enriched w lipids; facultative anaerobe & aerobic; no spores; non motile; capsule that lets it become intracellular

Can be local/systemic

100s of millions infected & Armadillos carry

Pathogenesis - breath in, live in alveoli that phagocytize; lives in phago; hard tubercle forms around living bacteria; it breaks and you cough it out on ppl (sometimes w blood)

weight loss & night sweats

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PPD Skin Test

Tb Vaccine

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Intracutaneous
Read 48-72 hrs after injection
M. Bovis goes under skin for delayed response
Currently sick, were sick b4 and vaccinated show + result
Xray shows tubercules
Acid Fast +

Vaccine - Tubercubicidal... BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) gives FP skin test so thats y we dont use it.

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Mycobacterium Leprae - gram +/-? obligate ___? toxic? cultivable? 2 ways to happen; Transmission; Treatment

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Acid fast + bacillus; obligate intracellular parasite; non-cultivable; non-toxic; similar to myco tuberculosis

Tuberculoid disease - Raises Cell Mediated Immunity, Not contageous, few lesions; destroys schwann cells & axons
Lepromatous Disease - Antibody forming fight; more lesions; highly contagious; degenerative myelination & invade schwann cells

Transmission - insect, soil, nasal droplet.
Treatment - no cure, no vaccine, early diagnose, multi antibiotic treatment, corrective surgery

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Salmonella spp. - diseases caused; type of bacteria; Vaccine? Different PTX for diff disease states; pathogenesis of severe form.

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Diseases -
gastroenteritis (mild) - no blood self limiting (oral fecal route) chronic carrier in gall bladder
septicemia - fever shock lesions, pediatric & geriatric @ greater risk
enteric fever (most severe) - typhoid fever (S. Typhi) invades intestinal tract --> lymph nodes --> intracellular pathogen --> re-enters blood & endotoxin released & enter gall bladder.

PTX - Chloramphenicol works for S. typhi & Septicemia but severe intestinal bleeding may happen :(
Replace fluids for Gastroenteritis
Carriers - ampicillin for them

Vaccine Available!

Type of bacteria - Enterobacteria

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Klebsiella pneumoniae - virulence factors? type of bacteria; types of infections caused

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type of bacteria - enterobacteria; major virulence = capsule; pneumonia & UTI

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Proteus spp. - diease; produce ____; precipitate ___; urea slant test result

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Cause UTI. Produce Urease --> Ammonia (increase pH) precipitates calcium

Urea slant: Pink color

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Yersinia pestis - diseases; animal; temp regulations? produces ___ enzyme; Virulence; PTX; Vaccine?

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Enterobactericiae - rodent control is important; doesn't care about temperature; produces coagulase and keeps bugs hungry that transmit disease;
Bubonic - regional lymph nodes swell (groin)
Septicemic - spreads to liver lungs when not contained in lymph
Pneumonic - lung infection spread by aerosols; high fatality rate

Virulence - coagulase in flea; in blood, antiphagocytic fraction 1 antigen ( high temp) & survives inside phag; in macrophage expression of outer membrane protein for high temp, low ca2+

Treatment - ANYTHING but penecillin
Immunization w/ killed bacteria works!

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Vibrio Genus

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Gram negative curved bacilli
WBD; needs salt
V. cholearae, V. vulnificus
Want to replenish food/water

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Vibrio Cholearae - ID50; avoid ____ food; follow ___ gradient; toxic or mobile? Virulence? Toxin Pathophys; PTX

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HIGH ID50 (takes a lot to infect); raw seafood; chemotactic gradient; toxic.
Virulence - motility; attachment; enterotoxin production (attach to M cells)

Toxin - AB type. A enzymatically active, production of cAMP not regulated intestinal cells secrete Na+, K+... watery diarrhea.

PTX - rehydrate; fluids; Antibiotics; Immunity is only for a few months

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Vibrio vulnificus - 2 types of infection: associated w ___ disease.

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halophilic esturine enhabitnat; wound infection - cutes exposed to estuarine water
septicemia - from eating raw fish

associated w liver disease

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Staphylococcus spp. - types; have ___ layer; Gram +/- ___?

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S. aureus; S. epidermis; Gram + cocci; clusters;

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S. aureus - G+/- ___; chain/cluster? type of "-robe"? fastidious? Test for staph/strep? Pathogenesis? Eneterotoxins? Enzymes:

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Gram + cocci; cluster; facultative anerobe; are fastidious in pure culture: like salt & need blood agar;

Test - Catalase test --> breaks down H2O2 which staph has in it to stop lysozyme strep doesnt have it.

Low grade pathogen on skin; serious pathogen in hospital (nosocomial) infections (systemic) due to slime layer. Can start on skin and go deep inside to become systemic.

Toxins: A-E all super antigens; produced in food (heat stable) potato salad ---> diarrhea no fever, water non bloody.

Beta Toxin - sphingomyelinase (attacks membranes) kills WBC, RBC & fibroblasts. cause tissue destruction

Alpha Toxin - leakage of cellular components, damage same type of cells + platelets; causes necrosis

Exfoliative toxins - both break intracellular bridges to cause necrosis Ab neutralized toxin (seen in children) SSSS - staph scalded skin syndrome

protein A will bind to Ab so that it doesnt work to stop SSSS.

Enzymes - Coagulase; Hyaluronidase; Staphylokinase; lipases; nuclease (TOOLS TO PENETRATE)

Skin infections - furuncles (painful nodule with necrotic tissue) --> carbuncles (more rashes connected) Impetigo contagiosa. can happen with surgical devices

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E. Coli - gram +/- ___? flora? common? ETEC/EHEC; Toxins

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Gram negative bascilli; normal flora in GI; most common pathogen in community & hospital;
ETEC - Eneterotoxigenic E. Coli nausea, vomitting watery diarrhea. LT & ST (cholera toxins)

EHEC (Enterohemorragic E. Coli) 0 may cause mild, uncomplicated diarrhea OR more serious hemmorhagic colitis and sever ab pain & bloody diarrhea. Shiga-like toxin (AB type - SLT1 & SLTII)

LTI & LTII - Cholera like; heat labile, influence cAMP
STa STb - Cholera like; influence guanyl cyclase
STLI & STL II - Shiga-like toxin; interfere w protein synhesis in euk cells and causes bloody diarrhea (AB type) Hemolysin.

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Major cause of UTIs

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E. Coli then Klebisella/Proteus

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Shigella spp. - transmission; ID50? disease signs/symp? Pathogenesis; Toxins;

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fecal/oral transmission; ID50 low so very infectious!; Bloody mucoid diarrhea and fever; localized

Patho - enters sm. intestine, travels to ileum & colon, invade M cells of Peyer's patches---> Shigella are intracellular pathogens

S. dysenteriae - exotoxin AB type - protein syn is stopped

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Chlostridium spp; types; spores?; Gram +/-? anaerobe/aerobe?

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Gram + bascilli
C. perfringenes, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile