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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reference Range
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set of lab values that define a state of "health"
has about a 95% confidence window |
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What are the 2 the main complications of reference ranges
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1)reference range for well individuals may overlap with ill individuals leading to false positive and false negatives
2) most lab tests in populations do NOT follow perfect bell-shape |
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What values are included in a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
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RBC and WBC counts
Hemoglobin (HGB) hematocrit (HCT) Cell Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW, MPV) Platelet count (PLT) |
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Hemoglobin (HGB)
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measures blood's capacity to carry oxygen
influenced by altitude, age, smoking, bed rest low value = anemia |
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RBC count
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expressed as # of cells/ul
indirect estimate of Hb Error of about 2-4% |
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Hematocrit (HCT)
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height of red cell column/height of total blood column after centrifugation
approximately 3X Hb value |
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Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
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Red cell Indice that helps classify anemias
= Hematocrit/RBC count Increased MCV = macrocytic decreased MCV = microcytic |
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Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
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Red Cell Indice that estimates amount of hemoglobin in an average RBC
= (hemoglobin x 100)/ hemtatocrit helps classify anemias |
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WBC
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most often counts neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
may reported basophils, and subdivide neutrophils into segmentend (mature) and Bands (babies!) |
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Peripheral Blood Smear
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stainded with Wrights
allows you to see changes in size, shape, and structure of cells good to evaluate leukemia (and Sickle cell!!) |
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Hemostasis assessment
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tests that measure clotting ability
must take a good history and physical exam 1st! include Platelet count, smear, Prothromin time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin time (PTT) |
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Urine appearance & pH
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only mention appearance if not normal
Different colors of cloudiness indicate presence of blood, bile, proteins, food and drugs, and other molecules normal pH = 6 |
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Urine Specific gravity and protein
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gravity (SG) measured with dipstick to monitor tubular fxn and osmolarity
protein measures amount of albumin, but not very sensitive |
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Urine glucose
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+ = hyperglycemia or tubular impairment (decrease resorption of glucose)
NOT for routine diabetes testing |
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microscopic urine examination
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examine centrifuged sediment under microscope
report RBC, WBC, casts, crystals |
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electrolytes/BMP/Chem7
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assesses general metabolic state
include: [Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2/HCO3-] (lytes), [BUN, Creatinine] (renal fxn), and glucose |
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What is the anion "GAP"
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measure of the difference b/w cations (Na+) and reported anions (Cl- and CO2/HCO3-
Cations > Anions, but if this gap enlargens, it indicates acute illness! |
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Cardiac Markers
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Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) - being replaced by Cardiac Troponin I - indicates damage to cardiac mm cells
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Liver Fxn Tests
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tests of synthesis - amount of protein, coag. factors
Tests of injury - bilirubin, liver enzymes |
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What dye is used for proteins, nucleic acids & ribosomes, proteoglycans, carbs
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proteins = eosin/acid dye
nucleic acid/ribosomes = hematoxlyin/base dye proteoglycans = alican blue/base dye Carbs = PAS |
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autofluoresence
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molecules are excited by photons causing them to release photons of a longer wavelength/ lower energy ("stokes shift")
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Compare beam, wavelength of beam, resolution of light microscopes vs electron microscopes
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Light: light beam, long wavelength, low resolution
electron: electron beam, short wavelength, high resolution |
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What microscope is best for melanin, hemoglobin, or any other light-absorbing pigment?
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bright-field microscope
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What microscope is best for dense cellular structures?
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phase contrast microscope
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What microscope is good for fiber-like structures (bone, nerve, mm)
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DIC microscope
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