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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymphocyte |
white blood cell with one single, round nucleus ex. T cell, B cell, NK cell |
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Leukocyte |
white blood cell
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Erythrocyte |
red blood cell
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elements involved in non-specific immunity |
Cells/tissues: granulocytes, macrophages, APCs, NK cells Physical barriers: skins, mucous membranes Chemical mediators: Defensins, complement, lysozyme |
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microbial antagonism |
the method of using established cultures of microorganisms to prevent the intrusion of foreign strains. When introduced to an already-colonized environment, an invasive strain of bacteria tends not to thrive. |
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Where in human body one can find the majority ofimmune system components? |
60-70% in the gut, also lymph nodes and bone marrow |
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What are the primary lymphoid organs? |
bone marrow and thymus gland |
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What are the secondary lymphoid organs? |
Where antigen is localized - spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches |
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Where do blood components originate? |
bone marrow |
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What is the job of lymphoid tissue? |
To recognize/phagocytose/create ABs for antigen |
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Function of bone marrow |
production of blood cells |
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function of thymus |
maturation of T cells
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function of lymph nodes |
lymph is filtered, contains lymphocytes
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function of spleen |
blood is filtered, helps attack blood pathogens |
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Characteristics of primary immune response |
first time antigen enters body mainly IgM |
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characteristics of secondary immune response |
second time or after antigen enters body Mainly IgG memory cells already there, swift response |
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SALT v. MALT v. BALT v. GALT |
SALT = skin associated lymphoid tissue MALT = membrane associated lymphoid tissue BALT = bronchical associated lymphoid tissue GALT = gut associated lymphoid tissue Meet the infection at the spot of entry, have resident cells to attack |
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Name phagocytic cells |
neutrophils monocytes and macrophages/dendritic cells mast cells |
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compare macrophages and neutrophils |
macrophage = largest phagocyte, live longer, can phagocytose more b/c bigger neutrophil = multi-lobed nucleus, also a granulocyte, dominate infected site |
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Main characteristics of dendritic cells |
present in small numbers in blood, skin, mucous membranes (nose, lung, intestine) contact, phagocytose + process antigens = APCs |
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ways macrophages/neutrophils recognize infectious agents |
- have TLRs (toll-like receptors) on surface to bind with PAMPs on bacteria - Also mannose receptor, LPS receptor, scavenger receptor, glycan receptor |
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Why does oxygen consumption increase during infection? (respiratory burst) |
neutrophils and monocytes release reactive oxygen species when coming in contact with an antigen (degrades internalized antigen) |
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lysosome |
an organelle in the cytoplasm containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. |
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phagosome |
a vacuole in the cytoplasm containing phagocytosed antigen enclosed in part of cell membrane
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phagolysosome |
cytoplasmic body formed by fusion of phagosome and lysosome --> antigen is digested here
if this does not form = phagocytic failure, escape of bacteria |
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Phagocytic failure |
when cell fails to phagocytose/digest antigen. Inhibited by carotenoids, leukocidins, etc. |
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What are the complements and their functions? |
C3b - attaches to bacteria (opsonization) C3a, C5a = chemotaxis (attracts phagocytic cells) C5b + C6, C7, C8, C9 = Membrane attack complex |
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Complement fixation |
enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens - creates MAC = lysis of foreign cell Part of innate immune system, but creates bridge b/w innate and acquired |
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Define inflammation |
Acute = immediate response to injury/cell death, develops quickly, short lived, usually beneficial Chronic = develops slowly, lasts long time, can cause damage to tissues |
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What are the components of inflammation |
redness warmth pain swelling altered function |
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Events happening during inflammation |
Inflammatory cytokines produced (TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6) Dilation, increased permability of blood vessels migration of phagocytes to area (diapedesis) tissue repair |
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Type of immunity inflammation provides |
Innate, eventually acquired |
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How is fever produced? |
pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to increase body's core temp. via prostaglandin initiates muscle contractions, increased metabolic activity, constriction of blood vessels |
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Pyrogens |
molecules that cause fever bacterial toxins cytoplasmic contents of bacteria by lysis antibody-antigen complexes IL-1 (endogenous) |
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Cytokines |
protein involved in cell signaling |
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Mucosal immunity |
protects mucous membrane against infection; prevents uptake of antigens, microorganisms, and other foreign materials; moderates the immune response |
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Natural acquired immunity v. artificial acquired immunity |
Natural acquired immunity = your body produced the cells/antibodies due to primary infection. Artificial acquired immunity = vaccine, antibodies given directly (passive immunity), B/T cells given to you |
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Characteristics of an antigen |
Self and non-self substances that elicit an immune response most are large, complex molecules |
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What is an allergen |
substance that is not harmful but causes an immune response anyway |
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MHC proteins |
cell surface proteins that bind and display pathogenic peptides within the cell allows wandering lymphocytes to become activated MHC I = on all nucleated cells (all but RBCs), presents either self or antigen to CTLs. Self = good, antigen = cell is destroyed MHC II = only on APCs, bind to TCR on CD4 T cells, activates to Th cell |
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Antigen processing |
process that prepares antigens for presentation to T cells |
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Name APCs |
macrophages dendritic cells B cells |
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innate v. acquired immunity |
innate = minutes/hours, non-specific, limited # of receptors, no memory, many antimicrobial proteins acquired = days, highly specific, diverse receptors, has memory, has antibodies |
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cells in innate immunity |
Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils)
NK cells Dendritic cells |
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cells in acquired immunity |
T cells
B cells APCs |
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cells that bridge innate and acquired |
NK cells complement fixation APCs |
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2 forms of acquired immunity |
1. Humoral Immunity = aka antibody mediated, based on antibody activity 2. Cellular immunity = aka cell mediated immunity, based on T cells |
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Specificity |
acquired immune response creates antibodies specific for an antigen |
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Memory |
acquired immune response creates memory after exposure to a specific antigen, leads to enhances response when antigen enters body again |
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Tolerance |
acquired immune response will not normally attack self or non-harmful substances allows for selective destruction of invading pathogens without destruction of host tissues |
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role of antibody mediated immunity (AMI) |
produces circulating antibodies in response to an antigen, recognize the substance upon renewed exposure antibody production, immune memory, antigen presentation, produces cytokines |
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role of cell mediated immunity (CMI) |
involves the activation of phagocytes + CTLs, and releases cytokines in response to an antigen.
attacks altered self cells, cells infected with viruses, intracellular bacteria, cancer cells |
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differences between different forms of B cells |
Plasma cell = long-lived, antibody-secreting cell Memory B cell = dormant B cell, circulates through body and helps produce stronger immune response when antigen enters again |
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Different classes of Antibodies |
IgG = major circulating antibody IgM = first to appear after infection (pentamer) IgA = major antibody in secretions IgE = involved in allergic reactions, parasitic infection (binds to mast cells, opsonizes) |
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What is the job of CTLs and NK cells? |
destroy cells CTLs = virus infected cells and cancer cells, CD8+, bind with MHC I on surface and secrete perforins and granzymes NK cells = also release perforins and granzymes, nonspecific |
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Difference between active and passive immunization |
Active immunization = induction of immunity after exposure to an antigen. Long-term immunity, your own antibodies. Passive immunization = induction of immunity via a pre-formed antibody from someone/something else. Not long term. |
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Different forms of vaccines |
Attentuated (live) killed (inactivated) toxoid (inactivated toxin) subunits/synthetic peptides Engineered attenuation (removed harmful DNA) Naked DNA Hybrid bacteria/virus w/ pathogen Ag |
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Serum proteins that kill extra-cellular bacteria are called... |
complement proteins |
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Immune response to bacterial infection |
1) complement-mediated lysis - MAC, opsonized and tagged for destruction 2) Phagocytosis - acute phase proteins/Abs bind to bacteria (opsonize) so phagocytes can engulf and destroy, present on MHC II -> T -> B -> Abs 3) Cell-mediated immunity - intracellular bacteria in macrophages, present on MHC II, Th cell stimulates macrophage to kill it |
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Immune response to viral infection |
1) cytotoxic cells - virus presented on MHC I, CTL or NK cells kill with granzymes/perforin
2) interferons - prevent viral replication, secrete warning cytokines to induce CTLs 3) antibodies - via neutralization, agglutination, phagocytosis or activating complement |
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Immune response to parasitic infection |
Macrophages, neutrophils and cytokines of innate response first IgE antibodies produced, activate phagocytosis and complement pathways + inflammatory mediators |
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Vaccine mechanism of action |
induce antibodies and activated T cells to protect host from future infection with non-infectious version of antigen |
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Whole cell vaccines |
live but avirulent may not protect immunosuppressed at risk attenuated may revert to virulent |
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Acellular or subunit vaccines |
use purified molecules from microbes, avoids risks of whole cell vaccines from capsular polysaccharides, surface antigens, inactivated exotoxins Examples: Neisseria meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, diptheria, tetanus |
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Recombinant vector vaccines |
pathogen genes inserted into non-virulent viruses - serve as vectors and express inserted gene release gene products and can elicit cellular and humoral immunity |
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DNA vaccines "Naked DNA" |
DNA directly introduced into host cell via air pressure or gene gun DNA taken into nucleus and expressed "transformation" horizontal gene transfer |
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Inactivated vaccine v. attenuated vaccine |
inactivated: multiple boosters required, inactivated by chemicals/radiation, no reversion tendency, very stable, induced antibodies attenuated: booster rarely needed, altered genetically, may revert, less stable, induces antibodies and T cells |
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Anti-bacterial vaccine v. anti-viral vaccine |
Bacterial = live attenuated, killed cells, capsules, toxoids Viral = killed whole viruses, live attenuated, subunits/DNA often best/only protection against disease i.e. smallpox/polio |
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Viral evasion of the immune response |
antigenic shift (major changes) antigenic drift (minor changes) immunosuppression latency non-neutralizing antibody production of excess Ag |
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Define hypersensitivity |
Exaggerated immune response upon second or subsequent contact with antigen Causes tissue damage |
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Types of Hypersensitivity |
Type I = Immediate Type Hypersensitivity Type II = Cytotoxicity Hypersensitivity Type III = Immune-Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity Type IV = Delayed Type Hypersensitivity |
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Type I = Immediate Type Hypersensitivity |
anaphylactic shock allergies - hay fever, asthma, penicillin can be local or systemic IgE |
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Type II = Cytotoxicity Hypersensitivity |
mediated by antibody and complement Rh factor in newborns, blood types |
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Type III = Immune-Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity |
Immune complex deposition in organs or systemic
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness |
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Type IV = Delayed Type Hypersensitivity |
mediated by CD4 T cells, chemically modified self proteins poison ivy, DTH tuberculin response |
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ADCC = antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
cell mediated immune defense - effector cell lyses target cell covered in antibodies |
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Define serology |
Study and diagnostic use of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum |
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Examples of diseases diagnosed by serologic tests |
typhoid fever pregnancy virus-specific antibodies |
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Serological Techniques + uses |
Agglutination - used to measure antibody titer Complement Fixation - determine if antibodies to an antigen are present in patient serum ELISA - antibodies or antigens in a sample Immunoblotting - distinguish microbes Immunoprecipitation - detects soluble antigens Immunodiffusion - USDA for meat Immunoelectrophoresis - greater resolution than immunodiffusion Flow Cytometry - organisms in clinical samples |
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ELISA: practical uses, difference between direct and indirect |
used to detect antigens or antibodies in a sample direct = antibody coated well indirect = antigen coated well |
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Immunodeficiency diseases |
DiGeorge syndrome AIDS SCID Selective IgA deficiency |
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Primary v. Acquired Immunodeficiency |
Primary = from genetic or developmental defect, develops in infants and young kids Acquired = develop from recognized cause, later in life, severe stress/malnutrition |
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Immune complex |
aka antigen-antibody complex molecule formed from integral binding of antibody to antigen |
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List consequences offormation of immune complex |
opsonization precipitation neutralization agglutination complement fixation |
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List autoimmune diseases/tissues at risk |
rheumatoid arthritis = attacks joints insulin dependent diabetes mellitus = attacks pancreas and insulin producing cells |
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Graft vs. Host Disease |
immunocompetent cells in donor tissue attack host cells e.g. bone marrow transplants |
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Why is fetus not rejected? |
prevented by immunosuppression mechanisms Early embryos don't express MHC, so cytokines don't have an effect T cells prevented from functioning in placenta |
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Why are tissue/organ transplants often rejected? |
graft is perceived as foreign normal immune response against foreign MHC unlikely in: brain, cornea, testes |
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Diagnostic procedures for: HSV in pap smear presence of HIV antibody in serum amount of rotavirus in stool presence of histoplasma fungal antigen in serum |
1) PCR 2) Agglutination 3) ELISA 4) immunoprecipitation |
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Significance of presence of Fc receptors of mast cells and basophils |
Will bind with IgE antibodies and degranulate |
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Desensitization |
a method to reduce or eliminate an organism's negative reaction to an antigen Given small amount of antigen at first, then increasing amounts to decrease response Changing IgE to IgG |
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Degranulation |
process that releases antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from granules (histamine, proetglycans, proteases) granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) mast cells |
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Precipitation |
the cross-linking of soluble antigen to create an insoluble precipitate e.g. antibodies on viruses, antigens, etc. |
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Agglutination |
the cross-linking of particulate antigens (bacteria, cells or latex) to form larger complexes to be removed |
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Neutralization |
antibodies binding to an antigen to prevent it from infecting a cell or moving
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