Mcb 3020C Immunology Final

Front 1

Fatty acids are present on the _______ and attack _______ bacteria.

What produces fatty acids?

Back 1

skin

gram-negative

gram (+) normal flora (and glands)

Front 2

Bile salts in _______, ________, _______ inhibit ________ bacteria

Back 2

gall bladder, liver, intestines

gram-positive

Front 3

Lysozyme in tears and saliva; more effective against _______

Back 3

gram-positive

Front 4

Phagocytins are present in______?

Function?

Back 4

leukocytes

Chemical factors that break down bacteria once they are phagocytized

Front 5

Interferons are active against?

Back 5

viruses

Front 6

3 main phagocytes

Back 6

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages

Front 7

neutrophils are also known as ?

Function?

Back 7

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

actively motile granulocytes containing large #s of lysosomes

Front 8

Benefit of segmented/multiple nucleus in neutrophil

Back 8

Valuable for motile neutrophils bc the squishable nucleus allows them to move through tight spots and get to all sites of infection

Front 9

How does staph survive in macrophage?

What bacteria GROWS in macrophage?

Back 9

coagulase prevents phagocytosis. carotenoids prevent oxidation

myco tuberc

Front 10

CD4?

Back 10

T-helper (TH1 and TH2): helps or induces an immune response; Associated with MHC Class II

Front 11

CD8?

Back 11

T-cytotoxic cells; associated with MHC class I

Front 12

Innate immunity results from interactions between _________ found as cell surface components and _______ found on phagocytes

Back 12

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Front 13

__________ on human phagocytes recognize specific PAMPS

Back 13

Toll-like receptors

Front 14

a PRR on human phagocytes recognizes & responds to interactions with LPS, a PAMP in outer membrane of gram negative, inducing phagocyte activation and immunity to gram -

Back 14

TLR-4

Front 15

_________ uses its cell wall glycolipids to absorb hydroxyl free radicals and superoxide anions.

Back 15

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 16

_________ make up much of material of pus

Back 16

Dead phagocytes

Front 17

Streptococcus pyogenes has an ________that alters surface of bacterial cell and inhibits phagocytosis

Back 17

M-protein

Front 18

has memory; repeated contact with antigen amplifies response?

Back 18

Anamnestic

Front 19

Epitopes?

Back 19

particular portions, or REGION, of an immunogen that is what the antibody specifically recognizes

Front 20

low molecular weight and only an antigen but when complexes with high molecular weight carrier it becomes and immunogen

Back 20

Hapten

Front 21

After hapten is complexed and recognized as an immunogen what happens when it enters the host as a low molecular weight molecule again?

Back 21

Next time hapten enters it acts as antigen and can react immediately with those antibodies made to its epitope (s)

Front 22

MHC Class 1 found on?

Back 22

found on surface of all nucleated cells

Front 23

MHC Class 2 found on?

Back 23

Class II: found only on surface of B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, all dedicated APCs

Front 24

What binds to MHC 1 until the immunogen can bind?

What binds to MHC 2?

Back 24

1 = chaperon

2 = Ii protein

Front 25

Where are the proteins for MHC molecules made?

Back 25

-Made in ER

Front 26

________containing MHC II fuse with phagosomes forming _________; where the proteins from outside the cell [brought in by endocytosis] are digested. (li also digested)

Back 26

Lysosomes

phagolysozome

Front 27

Where does MCH1 bind the antigen?

Where does MCH2 bind the antigen?

Back 27

-Outside the ER on the way to the cell surface?

-Inside the phagolysozome

Front 28

MCH 1 goes with

MHC 2 goes with

Back 28

MHC1 = cytotoxic t-cells

MHC2 = T-helper cells (TH1 and TH2)

Front 29

Class II then binds to digested foreign proteins, & complex transported out of cell to bind to _______ & _____ coreceptor on _____ cell.

Back 29

TCR & CD4

T-helper

Front 30

Tc Cells destroy MHC1 displaying cells by releasing perforin which______

Then it releases granzymes that _______.

Back 30

Uses perforin to form pore to deliver toxic enzymes

Uses granzymes (proteins) that enter through pore & cause apoptosis

Front 31

Class I MHC found on ________ and thus any infected cell can activate Tc which kills infected cell.

Back 31

all nucleated cells

Front 32

TH1 cells - how do they help?

Are they involved in cellular immunity?

Back 32

Release cytokines to stimulate macrophages

Also, TH1 secrete cytokine IL-2 which is a 2nd signal needed for activation of Tc cells

Front 33

TH1 referred to as

Back 33

inflammatory cell

Front 34

TH2 function?

Back 34

promotes antibody production by binding to B-cell presenting antigen on MHC2 and releasing interleukins

Front 35

Intracellular pathogens generally activate cell mediated immunity by stimulating?

Back 35

cytotoxic T cells (Tc) [viruses]

Front 36

Extracellular pathogens tend to activate humoral immunity via?

Back 36

TH2

Front 37

________are protein molecules that able to combine with antigenic determinates (epitopes)

Back 37

immunoglobulins (Ig)

Front 38

Serum containing antigen-specific antibody is often called _______

Back 38

anti-serum

Front 39

About 80% of the serum are ?

Back 39

IgG proteins

Front 40

It is the ________________ of the constant domain that defines the class of immunoglobulin molecule; gamma, alpha, mu, delta or epilison

Back 40

difference in the amino acid sequence

Front 41

Molecule that cleaves IgG

Back 41

Papain

Front 42

What connect the individual chains in Ig molecules?

Back 42

disulfide bridges

Front 43

A functional IgG molecule consists of ____ antigen binding sites. IgG is therefore _____ and can bind _____ identical epitopes

Back 43

two

bivalent

two

Front 44

What IG crosses the placenta?

Back 44

IgG

Front 45

IgM is usually found as

How many binding sites? Why

Back 45

Usually found as an aggregate of five immunoglobulin molecules

Front 46

IgM Usually found as an aggregate of five immunoglobulin molecules attached by at least one ________

Back 46

“J” (joining) chain

Front 47

IgG has ___ constant chains and IgM has ____

Back 47

3
4

Front 48

1st class of immunoglobulin made in a typical immune response to a bacterial infection?

Back 48

IgM

Front 49

How do IgM antiboides exist on B-cells?

Back 49

as monomers

Front 50

IgA is Present in the serum in the ________ form, but in secretions it is a ________

Back 50

monomeric

dimer

Front 51

IgA are found?

Back 51

Colostrum (breast milk), mucosal secretions of gastrointestinal, respiratory & genitourinary tracts

Front 52

How much total IgA is produced relative to IgG

Back 52

Total amt produced is 2x amount of IgG in serum

Front 53

IgE function?

Back 53

AB that binds to esinophils, arming these granulocytes to target eukaryotic parasites: schistosomes & other worms

Front 54

IgE is found in very _____ amounts in serum.

IgE also mediates what type of immunological reaction?

Back 54

small

allergies (hypersensitivity)

Front 55

IgE has how many constant domains?

Back 55

4

Front 56

IgE Constant region functions to bind to______cells surfaces which causes release of _______

Back 56

MAST

mediators (EX. Histamine & serotonin

Front 57

IgD?

Abundant on?

Function?

Back 57

IgD: surface immunoglobulin on B cells

Abundant on memory cells

No known function

Front 58

Intravenously injected antigen travels via blood to _______, where antibodies are formed.

Back 58

spleen

Front 59

Lymph flows one way only and toward the

Back 59

heart

Front 60

Plasma cells are short-lived (< 1 week) but produce large amounts of _______ in this primary antibody response.

Back 60

IgM antibody

Front 61

Upon re-exposure to the immunizing agent, memory cells need _____ T cell activation; they quickly transform to plasma cells and begin producing ____

Back 61

NO T-Cell Activation

IgG

Front 62

The secondary response is characterized by a switch from ____ to _____ production (class switching)

Back 62

IgM to IgG

Front 63

B lymphocytes mature in the

Back 63

bone marrow and fetal liver

Front 64

Do NK cells use TLRs?

Back 64

No

Front 65

Syndrome equivalent to having no thymus and therefor no cellular immunity?

Back 65

Di Georges syndrome

Front 66

What Ig antibody is spread via breast milk? Known as?

Back 66

IgA

natural passive immunity

Front 67

Death from heating is an __________ function, occuring more rapidly as the temperature rises.

Back 67

exponential

Front 68

Does pasteurization sterilize liquids?

Back 68

no

Front 69

UV light controls microbe growth how?

Back 69

thymine dimers

Front 70

Post fixes:
Cidal?
Lytic?
Static?

Back 70

-cidal = kills
-lytics = kills via lysis
-static = inhibits growth

Front 71

Who Discovered first effective antimicrobial agent?
What was it?

Back 71

-Ehrlich
-Salvarsan, arsenical agent effect in treatment of syphilis

Front 72

__________ complex stimulates autolysins that digest the wall. Lysis.

Back 72

Pen-transpeptidase

Front 73

Unique features of cephlasporins?

Back 73

beta lactam ring & a six membered additional ring instead of the five ring thiazolidine ring.
Semisynthetic & resistant to beta lactamases
Broader spectrum than penicillin

Front 74

Domagk discovered?

Back 74

Structures could be modified invivo to produce antibiotics that show no zone of inhibition

Front 75

_________ is used by the enzyme that makes folic acid instead of pABA

Back 75

Sulfanilamide

Front 76

Stem cell can differentiate into

Back 76

myeloid precursor

lymphoid precursor

Front 77

myeloid precursor can differentiate into

Back 77

monocyte
and
granulocytes

Front 78

monocytes can differentiate into

granulocytes can differentiate into

Back 78

monocyte -> dendritic cell & macrophage

granulocytes -> neutrophil & mast cell

Front 79

lymphoid precursor can differentiate into

Back 79

T-cell and B-cell

Front 80

myeloid is associated with _____ immunity

lymphoid is associate with ______ immunity

Back 80

innate immunity

acquired/induced immunity

Front 81

Antigens introduced to mucosal surfaces (ex. Mouth) are delivered to the GALT lining the intestinal tract resulting in antigen-specific ______ antibody production in the gut.

Back 81

IgA

Front 82

Equivalent to removing bursa sack in children and equals no humoral immunity

Back 82

Burton’s Agammaglobulinaemia

Front 83

In vitro:
Disinfectants?

Back 83

chemicals that kill microorganisms but not necessarily spores

Front 84

In vitro:
Sanitizers?

Back 84

reduce to safe levels

Front 85

In vitro:
Antiseptics or germicides?

Back 85

kill or inhibit growth but nontoxic enough to be applied to human tissue