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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Microbiology
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-study of organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye
-cannot perceive objects less than .1mm in diameter -little detail can be seen in objects 1mm in diameter |
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Categories of microorganisms
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viruses, bacteria, archaeans, some algae, protozoa, and some fungi
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pathogens
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disease causing microorganisms
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nonpathogenic
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microorganisms that don't cause diseases
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Why study Microbiology?
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-indigenous microbiota
-micro ecology -decomposers -model organisms -bioremediation -biotechnology -antibiotics (ex. of biotech) infectious disease |
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scope of microbiology
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-Bacteriology
-mycology -phycology -protozootogy -virology |
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General Microbiology (bases of micro)
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-Biochemistry
-physiology -ecology -taxonomy |
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Applied technology
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-industrial
-food microbiology -agricultural -environmental -biotechnology |
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Bacteriology
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study of bacteria and archaea
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Mycology
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study of fungi: yeast, molds, macrofungi
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protozoology
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algae
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virology
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viruses, viroids, prions
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medical microbiology
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-pathogenic micro
-diagnostic micro -veterinary micro -epidemiology -immunology -medical virology |
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Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
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-amaeur lens maker
-made simple microscopes -discovered bacteria, yeast, algae, and protozoa -did not invent microscope, but made good lenses to see a lot of detail -dinner guest and tooth pics and studied body fluids -father of microbiology |
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pleomorphism vs. monomorphism
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-pleomorphism- changes organisms overnight (going from fungi to ameba overnight)
-monomorphism-know that 1 bug varries a little bit but it might be because the technique is different |
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fermentation
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degregation of organic plant matter
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putrificatioin
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flesh degrades
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spontaneous generations
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that living organisms thought that living organisms came from dead matter
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Ferdinand Cohn
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-father of bacteriology
-proved monomorphism was correct |
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Louis Pasteur
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-saved french beer industry (b/c german beer makers could make beer so wouldn't get contaminated so helped french to make beer without contaminating it
-developed vacine (rabies & anthrax) -showed that putrification and fermentation was due to microbes -developed that anaerobic bacteria that don't require oxygen -disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms -discovered aeromicrobiology (microbes all around us) |
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Robert Koch
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-proved bacterial causation of anthrax
(1st time bacteria cause animal disease) -demonstrated biological specificity of disease agents(1st to demonstrate 1bug=1 disease -mainly known for putting henle's principles of infection to practical form |
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Biochemistry
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-chemistry dealing with the chemical compounds and processes occurring in living things
-Lehninger-wrote "the molecular logic of living organisms" -organic chem=not biochem |
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Lehninger
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-wrote book "the molecular logic of living organisms"
-dropped out of HS went to college, dropped out, went to grad school and wrote book |
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why study biochem
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-biomolecules are the guts of microorgansims
-microorganisms interact with each other and with thier environment through biochem -microorganisms are defined by their biochem -microorganisms are biochemistry -1930s biochemists were same as microbiologists |
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covalent bonds
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-strong bonds
-electrons are shared -3 types (single double tripple) -lots of energy needed to break them -molecules must interact close together |
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Hydrogen bonding
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-positive H attracted to negative O
-weak, easy to break -when molecules want to separate they easily unzip themselves |
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biological fitness of organic compounds
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-only 22 of 100 chemical elements found in earth crust are essential in living organisms
-only 16 of the 22 are found in all organisms -4 most abundant in living matter (H,O,C,N) |
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biological fitness of H,O,C,N
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lighter the element the stronger the covalent bond
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biological fitness of carbon
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-3-d structure
-no other elemnet can form stable molecules of such widely different shapes and size |
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water
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-Polarity(solvent for polar molecules, enables aggregation of non polar molecules)
-cohesivness(high surface tension and high specific heat) |
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C,N, and O can form
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single or double bonds
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C can form
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triple bonds with C and N
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the lightest elements capable of forming
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covalent bonds....because the strenght of covalent bond is inversely proportional to the atom weight of the bonded atoms
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carbon is the only element that can
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form stable molecules of such widely different shapes and sizes
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Polysaccarides
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1) building blocks=Pentoses, hexoses(monomeric units)
2) bonds hold them together=Glycosidic bonds(covalent bonds joining monomeric units:pentoses and hexoses) 3)major functions=a)carbon and energy reserves eg. glycogen, starch store energy, b) cell wall component: provide protection/ structural support |
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glycosidic bonds
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covalent bonds joining monomeric units
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steroeisomers
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mirror images of the polysaccharides
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Lipids
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1) building blocks=fatty acids
2) bonds=ester or ether linkages 3)major functions=energy storage, forming membranes around cells, and hormones and vitamins |
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fatty acids
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chains of carbon atoms with a single carboxylic acid group
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complex lipids, phospholipids, fatty acids,simple lipids
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-complex=simple lipids containing additional elements or small carbon compounds
-phospholipid=lipids containing a phosphate group -fatty acid=chains of carbon with single carboxylic acid group -simple=tirglicerides(3fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule) |
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Nucleic Acid
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1)building blocks(monomers)=nucleotides (elements: C,H,O,N and P)
2)bonds= Phosphodiester bond 3)major functions="hereditary molecule" make up DNA and RNA |
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types of RNA
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-messenger RNA
-transfer RNA -ribosomal RNA -other non coding RNA |
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
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-a nucleic acid people forget about
- energy currency of the cell |
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DNA Structures
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-complimentary=basic structure (a-t and c-g)
-primary=linear sequence of bases along stretch of DNA -secondary=short strand of DNA in 2-d shape= helix |
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Proteins
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1)building blocks=amino acids
2)bonds=peptide bonds 3)function=catalytic(enzymes) structural proteins(membranes, cell walls, cytoplasmic components) |
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Amino acid general structures
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amino group, carboxylic acid group, and r group
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protein level of structures
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-primary=a.a. sequence of a polypeptide chain
-secondary=twisting/folding of polypeptide into 2-d(alpha-helix, beta-sheet) -tertiary=3-d folding of polypeptide(globular) -quaternary=the arrangement of polypeptide subunits to form the final protein |
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Cell theory
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all plants and animals are made up of cells
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Robert Hooke
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-published book-(1665)"micrographia"(described objects he observed using a compound light microscope)
-first to use term "cell" |
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Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
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came up with cell theory-plants and animals are made of cells
(1838-1839) |
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Rudolf Virchow
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-1858
-theory of biogenesis- that life can only arise from preexisting life and that cells can only arise from preexisting cells. |
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6 characteristics of living cells
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1. metabolism
2. reproduction 3. differentiation 4. communication 5. movement 6. evolution |
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Metabolism
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uptake of chem. from the environment their transformation within the cell and elimiation of wastes into the environment. the cell is thus an open system
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Reproduction
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(growth) chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells
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differentiation
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formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle
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communication
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cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that are released or taken up
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movement
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living organisms are often capable of self propulsione
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evolution
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cells evolve to display new biologicalproperties. Phylogenetic trees allow the evolutionary relationships between celles
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prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
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-prokaryotes-10x smaller than eukaryotes-binary fission(reproduction)-no nucleus-complex cell wall (made of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides- no membranes other than cell membrane-
-eukaryotes-have nucleus-2 types(plant=cell wall made of cellulose; animal=no cell wall)-ribosomes are larger-contain endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complexes-contain mitochondria and plastids-microtubules- |
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classification of living organisms
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-taxonomy=biological classification
-classification=relationships of organisms to each other -nomenclature=rules on how to name new species and if aren't followed species isn't recognized -identification=put right names on different species |
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classification types
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-artificial vs. natural
-phenotypic(observable characteristics) -genotypic(N.A. sequence) -polyphasic(genotypic&phenotypic) |
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Classification of Living organisms
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-kingdom/domain
-phylum -class -order -family -genus -species |
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Carl Linnaues
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-2 kingdoms: plants and animals
-first "natural classification" -organisms conformed to major patterns or types -developed binomial system of nomenclature(escherichia coli=genus+speices) |
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Name
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-sp=single species
-spp.=more than one species |
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Robert Whittaker
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-5 kingdom system: Plants, fungi(multicellular), animals, protists(unicellular), monera(unicellular)
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Carl Woess
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-3 domain system
bacteria(prokary), archaea(prokary), eukaryia -3 ribosomal molecules:5s, 16s,23s |
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"small subunit sequencing"
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prokaryotes=16s
eukaryotes=18s |
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major structures of prokaryotic cells
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-cytoplasmic membrane
-cell wall -cytoplasm -inclusions -nucleoid -glycocalyx -flagessa -pili&fimbrae -endospores |
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cytoplasmic membrane
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-8nm thick
-completely surround cell -establishes the integrity of the cell -selective barrier -contains integral membrane proteins -highly ordered yet relatively fluid -PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER |
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cell wall of prokaryotes
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-provides shape, rigidity
-keeps bacterial cells from lysing due to internal turgor pressure -2 major types: gram pos, and gram neg |
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Gram positive cell wall
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single layer, thicker
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gram-negative cell wall
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multilayered, complex
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gram negative outer membrane consists of:
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-second lipid layer
-polysaccharide and protein -lipid and polysacch linked to form lipopolysachharides(aka Lipopolysaccharide layer) -lipid a=endotoxin |
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lipid a
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endotoxin
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arrangement of dna in prokaryotes
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-bacterial chromosomes usually a single circular molecule
-nucleoid -plasmids-small, circular, extrachromosomal dna -chromosome copy number |
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bacterial flagella
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-long thin appendages free at one end and attached to the cell at the other end
~20nm in diameter -flagellar arrangement(polar, lophotrichous, perithrichous) -flagellin-protein sunbunit of flagella |
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flagellin
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protein subunit of flagella
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bacterial cell surface structures (fimbriae)
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-similar to flagella but doesn't involve movement
-fimbriae(shorter than flagella, inherited trait, enable cell adhere to surfaces, form pellicles or biofilms) |
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bacterial cell surface structures (Pili)
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-structure=similar to fimbriae but longer
-only 1 or 2 per cell -serve as receptors for certain viruses -involved in conjugation -involved in attachment to certain pathogenic bacteria to tissues |
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Bacterial cell surface structures( capsules and slime layers)
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-glycocalyx-polysaccarides material lying outside the cell
a)capsule=a rigid tight matrix that can exclude particles b)slime layer=easily deformed, does not exclude particles, hard to see |
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functions of capsules and slime layer
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-attachment of pathogens
-protection from phaagocytosis -resistance to desication |
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glycocalyx
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the polysaccharide material lying outside the cell (capsules and slime layer)
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bacterial cell inclusions
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-granules within cells
-function(store energy, structural building blocks) -carbon/energy storage compounds (glycogen, poly-beta hydroxybutyric acid=PHB) |
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endospores
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-differentiated cells formed withing the vegetative cell(sporangium)
-highly resistant to heat, drying, radiation, acids, chemical disinfectants -bacillus, clostridium -dormancy maintained for long periods |
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meter
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39.4 inches
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ocular micrometer
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-ruler in the microscope eyepiece
-divided into 2 units(ocular units) -calibrated with stage micrometer -calibration performed for each magnification |
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1 milimeter contains
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1,000micrometers and 1,000,000nanometers
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1micrometer contains
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1,000nanometers
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microsopes
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-optical instrument used to observe small objects
-magnification -resolution -light microscopy limit .2um -empty magnification |
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magnification
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makes things larger
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resolution
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(resolving power)
-distinguishing 2 adjacent points -image clarity -more important |
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empty magnification
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-a microscope with extra magnification with no resolution (no details shown)
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light microscopy
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using light (green or blue:bc weakest light) best it can do is resolve .2 um (larger viruses)
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compound microscopes
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-compound light
-brightfield -darkfield -phase contrast -fluorescence |
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simple microscopes
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-one magnifying lens
-magnifying glass 3-20x |
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compound microscopes
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-more than one magnifying lens
-modern compound light scopes ~1000x -ocular lenses(10x,15x) -objective lens(4x, 10x, 40x, 100x) -total magnification= ocular X objective -Hans Jensen |
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modern compound light (brightfield) microscope
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objectives observed against bright background
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darkfield
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-it redirects light to come up on the sides instead of going right thew it
-illuminated objects against against a dark background -increased resolving background |
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phase contrast
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-used for unstained
-the light is refracted by living cells the contrast is increased and the organisms are easily seen -pc scopes amplify this refractive difference -dark image on light background |
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fluorescence microscopes
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-built in UV light source
-UV stimulates dyes, pigments to fluoresce -emit light of one color -used in clinical microbio, and microbial ecology |
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electron microscope
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-use electron beams as illumination sources
-magnets focus the beam -much higher resolution and magnification -organisms are killed by fixation process -2 types 1)transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 2)Scaning electron microscopy (SEM) |
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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-internal structure of cells
-thin sections required -high magnification, high resolution |
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scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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-External features of cell
-inact cells |
