Mcb 136 Physiology Final Exam Flash Cards

Front 1

motor end plate

Back 1

region of muscle membrane that contains high concentrations of acetylcholine receptors

Front 2

insulin promotes

Back 2

1. glucose oxidation
2. glycogen synthesis
3. fat synthesis
4. protein synthesis

Front 3

glucagon promotes

Back 3

1. glycogenolysis
2. gluconeogenesis
3. ketogenesis
4. lipolysis
5. protein breakdown (long-term)

Front 4

beta cells

Back 4

secrete insulin

Front 5

alpha cells

Back 5

secrete glucagon

Front 6

effects of insulin in the muscle

Back 6

1. increased GLUT4 in membrane and increased glucose uptake
2. increase glycogenesis
3. increases glycolysis and decreased gluconeogenesis
4. increased protein synthesis, decreased protein degradation
5. lower glucose in the cytosol, increased glucose entry

Front 7

effects of insulin in the liver

Back 7

same as muscle except increased glucose transport by GLUT2 and increased lipogenesis, decreased lipolysis and decreased fat metabolism

Front 8

effects of insulin on fat

Back 8

same as muscle except increases fatty acid uptake and increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis

Front 9

hypercalcemia

Back 9

less excitable - high CA lowers excitability

Front 10

hypocalcemia

Back 10

making things more hyperexcitable

Front 11

what are the things controlled by Ca?

Back 11

1. nerve excitability
2. cell signaling
3. tight junctions
4. blood clotting

Front 12

osteoblasts

Back 12

cells responsible for synthesis (secrete hydroxyapatite)

Front 13

osteoclasts

Back 13

cells that break down bone, secrete acid enzymes, dissolve collagen, release calcium to blood

Front 14

regulation of osteoclasts

Back 14

PTH -> interstitial cells -> paracrine -> osteoclasts

Front 15

Where is the most important version of Vitamin D produced

Back 15

kidney

Front 16

Response to high Ca conc.

Back 16

1. decrease in PTH from parathyroid gland - main effect
2. calcitonin released from C-cells
3. calcium transport by kidney/intestine
4. decreases bone resorption
5. loss of Ca in urine/feces

Front 17

isotonic

Back 17

constant force

Front 18

isometric

Back 18

pushing against a wall - generating a force that keeps a constant length of muscle

Front 19

eccentric

Back 19

contraction that causes the muscle to get longer

Front 20

F-actin

Back 20

long actin filaments

Front 21

nebulin

Back 21

protein to help determine how long the filaments are; helps to align actin

Front 22

tropomyocin

Back 22

long and wrapped around the actin; prevents myosin interaction

Front 23

troponin

Back 23

stuck on the tropomyocin and regulates it - when calcium comes along (increase in cytosolic Ca), it binds to tropomyosin and pulls on it to roll it out of the way

Front 24

titin

Back 24

huge protein that provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin

Front 25

motor unit

Back 25

somatic motor nerve and all the muscle that's innervated by it

Front 26

Phospholamban

Back 26

sits in the SR and speeds up the activity of the SR-ATPase pump -> causes the next release of Ca to be bigger

Front 27

Digitalis

Back 27

inhibits the Na/K pump and makes the Na inside the cell go up and consequently, the Ca also builds up -> makes heart beat stronger

Front 28

pacemaker cells

Back 28

make sure the heart is beating correctly

Front 29

coronary artery

Back 29

supplies the nutrients to the heart

Front 30

Purkinje fiber

Back 30

makes contact with the rest of the cells in the ventricle

Front 31

systole

Back 31

contraction of ventricles (systolic pressure = peak pressure per heartbeat in major systemic arteries)

Front 32

systolic pressure

Back 32

highest pressure during the contraction

Front 33

diastole

Back 33

relaxed filling of ventricles (diastolic P = lowest pressure per heartbeat in major systemic arteries

Front 34

diastolic pressure

Back 34

lowest pressure happening during contraction

Front 35

first heart sound

Back 35

sound of AV valves closing as ventricles start contracting

Front 36

second heart sound

Back 36

sound of semilunar valves closing as ventricles stop contracting and ventricular pressure drops below pressure in the major arteries

Front 37

stroke volume

Back 37

the amount of blood that's pumped out during any one contraction

Front 38

systemic circulation

Back 38

variable requirements, many organs, highly regulated, high arterial pressure

Front 39

pulmonary circulation

Back 39

low arterial pressure, single function, little regulation

Front 40

arteries

Back 40

designed to withstand high pressure
high strength, thick walls
low resistance
have 4 kinds of tissue: endothelium, elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue

Front 41

arterioles

Back 41

smaller than arteries
designed for regulation
high distance
dilate and constrict depending on need
have endothelium mostly surrounded by smooth muscle

Front 42

capillaries

Back 42

have one single epithelial layer, 5-8 um in diameter, thin wall allows diffusion

Front 43

veins

Back 43

serve as reservoir
contains 2/3 of the blood
low pressure and low resistance

Front 44

viscosity

Back 44

tendency of a fluid to resist shear stress

Front 45

laminar flow

Back 45

smooth, silent blood flow

Front 46

sphygmomanometer

Back 46

squeezes the artery and is used to measure blood pressure

Front 47

arteries function

Back 47

distribute blood, maintain blood flow and pressure during diastole

Front 48

arteriole function

Back 48

regulate the percentage of blood flow, also has the highest resistance in the systemic circulation collectively so pressure does not decrease very much throughout the arterial tree enabling the arterial distribution system to maintain an adequately high pressure to all parts of the body with a large drop in pressure before blood enters the capillaries

Front 49

hypertension

Back 49

increase in peripheral resistance; have to have an increase in mean arteriole pressure to keep the same cardiac output

Front 50

exercise

Back 50

causes a huge increase in CO, small increase in arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance drops

Front 51

mechanism in veins to have blood flow upward

Back 51

one-way valves in the veins of the arm and legs

Front 52

capillary function

Back 52

1. transport nutrients to and wastes from tissues: some by diffusion, some by transcytosis, much by bulk water flow through gaps (filtration at proximal end, then osmosis at distal end)

Front 53

what are the two things constriction does?

Back 53

1. reduce blood flow
2. increase blood pressure

Front 54

Summary of effects of sympathetic nervous system on the blood system

Back 54

SNS increases constriction, reduces local blood flow, and increase the arterial bp by increasing the peripheral resistance

Front 55

What are the exceptions to SNS causing constriction?

Back 55

1. liver - needs to dump out epinephrine with glucose
2. skeletal muscle - want to have blood flow here
3. heart - want to increase flow to heart so it contracts more

Front 56

reactive hyperemia

Back 56

reacting to the reduced blood flow by causing extra blood flow

Front 57

exercise hyperemia

Back 57

increase in metabolites leads to vasodilation and increase in blood flow; causes a reduction in total peripheral resistance

Front 58

What are the effects of nitric oxide?

Back 58

NO is an important regulator of contraction of smooth muscle

Front 59

what is the mech. of action of nitric oxide?

Back 59

NO activates guanlyate cyclase and reduces the myosin light chain kinase

Front 60

atrial natriuretic factor

Back 60

released from atria during increases in artrial pressure - causes vasodilation

Front 61

vasopressin

Back 61

released from posterior pituitary during reductions in arterial bp or in response to dehydration - increases arteriolar constriction

Front 62

angiotensin

Back 62

released from kidney during reductions in arterial bp or reductions in Na absorption by the kidney -> causes arteriolar constriction

Front 63

histamine

Back 63

released from mast cells during infections or cell damage - causes dilation and increased permeability of the capillary

Front 64

venous blood flow regulation

Back 64

muscle and respiratory pump increase venous return

Front 65

Factors for determining arterial blood pressure

Back 65

1. blood volume

Front 66

aldosterone

Back 66

regulates the amount of sodium and is regulated by angiotensin

Front 67

ADH

Back 67

regulates the amount of water absorption

Front 68

type II cells (alveoli)

Back 68

synthesize surfactant

Front 69

type I cells (alveoli)

Back 69

type 1 are for gas exchange

Front 70

intrapleural pressure and why it's always negative

Back 70

due to the fact that the chest wall tends to move out and the lung has a certain springiness to them.

Front 71

compliance

Back 71

refers to the ability of a spherical vessel to stretch out to a certain volume (compliance of a lung filled with air is less than one filled with water because air-water interface lowers compliance)

Front 72

what is the purpose of the lung surfactant?

Back 72

1. reduce surface tension, therefore increasing compliance and work of breathing
2. stabilize alveoli (due to law of laplace)
3. keep alveoli dry and prevent pulmonary edema
4. expands lungs at birth

Front 73

asthma

Back 73

increased resistance to outflow

Front 74

dead space

Back 74

portion of the lung with no air exchange

Front 75

evolutionary strategy in respiratory apparatus

Back 75

1. increase available surface area
2. decrease distance required for diffusion

Front 76

two routes for possible fluid loss from pulmonary capillary

Back 76

1. interstitum
2. alveolar space

Front 77

neurotransmitters

Back 77

chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell

Front 78

neurohormones

Back 78

chemical released by neurons into blood for action at distant targets

Front 79

satellite cells

Back 79

support cell bodies

Front 80

schwann cells

Back 80

form myelin sheaths and secrete neurotrophic factors

Front 81

oligodendrocytes

Back 81

form myelin sheaths

Front 82

astrocytes

Back 82

form support for CNS, help form BBB, secrete neurotrophic factors, take up potassium, neurotransmitters

Front 83

microglia

Back 83

act as scavengers

Front 84

ependymal cells

Back 84

create barriers between compartments and are the source of neural stem cells

Front 85

Why are the channels localized to the nodes of ranvier?

Back 85

1. adhesion interaction
2. exclusion model
3. selective transport

Front 86

divergent pathway

Back 86

one presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of post-synpatic neurons

Front 87

convergent pathway

Back 87

many pre-synaptic neurons converge to influence a smaller number of post-synaptic neurons

Front 88

choroid plexus

Back 88

specialized epithelium that pumps the ions from the blood into the ventricles to create an osmotic gradient. the gradient promotes osmosis and transport

Front 89

nuclei

Back 89

cluster of cell bodies

Front 90

afferent nerve

Back 90

nerve that brings information from the periphery to the CNS (ascending information)

Front 91

efferent nerve

Back 91

CNS to peripheral

Front 92

frontal lobe

Back 92

coordinates all the information from other areas of the brain - controls behavior, social etiquette, decision making

Front 93

temporal lobe

Back 93

important in speech, memory, and hearing

Front 94

occipital lobe

Back 94

responsible for vision

Front 95

parietal lobe

Back 95

contains the somato-sensory cortex

Front 96

primary motor cortex

Back 96

detects direct skeletal movement

Front 97

gustatory cortex

Back 97

information from taste buds and tongue

Front 98

olfactory cortex

Back 98

information from nasal epithelium and olfactory receptors comes in here.

Front 99

diencephalon

Back 99

center for the body to carry out homeostasis

Front 100

thalamus

Back 100

receives information from your eyes, ears, spinal cord, and motor information from cerebellum

Front 101

hypothalamus

Back 101

controls hunger and thirst

Front 102

pineal gland

Back 102

sets our sleep and wake cycle

Front 103

pituirary gland

Back 103

important endocrine gland

Front 104

cerebellum

Back 104

important for coordinating movements

Front 105

pons

Back 105

controls breathing and coordinates breathing rhythm

Front 106

amygdala

Back 106

important for memory and emotions

Front 107

hippocampus

Back 107

AMPA and NMDA receptors are concentrated here

Front 108

Retrograde amnesia

Back 108

loss of all the memory before the trauma

Front 109

anterograde amensia

Back 109

loss of ability to store memory after the trauma

Front 110

Broca's area

Back 110

damage to this area causes a loss of ability to speak

Front 111

wernicke's area

Back 111

can speak but it makes no sense

Front 112

nociceptor

Back 112

subset of somatosensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli

Front 113

allodynia

Back 113

pain sensation to previously innocuous stimuli

Front 114

hyperalgesia

Back 114

in response to noxious stimuli, it feels much more intense

Front 115

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 115

nerve terminal that's wrapped by a specialized epithelial tissue called corpuscle

Front 116

what are the 5 types of mechanoreceptors?

Back 116

1. c-fiber and AM-fiber
2. D-hair cell
3. Merkel cell
4. Pacinian corpuscle
5. Meissner corpuscle

Front 117

tonic receptors

Back 117

slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus

Front 118

phasic receptors

Back 118

rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off. fire once more when stimulus turns off

Front 119

ochlea

Back 119

the structure in our ear that detects sound

Front 120

retina

Back 120

layer that contains the photoreceptor

Front 121

cornea

Back 121

outside layer and is a specialized epithelial layer with all the free nerve endings as well as the C-fibers of the nociceptros. Impotant for protection

Front 122

hyperopia

Back 122

farsightedness; occurs when the focal point is behind the retina

Front 123

myopia

Back 123

nearsightedness; the focal point is in front of the retina

Front 124

fovea

Back 124

area in the center of the back of the eye and has the highest concentration of photoreceptor cells; highest visual acuity

Front 125

rods

Back 125

night vision

Front 126

cones

Back 126

color vision; three types of cones - blue, green, and red

Front 127

hippocampus

Back 127

involved in learning and memory