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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormone replacement therapy is necessary after the loss of what?
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Loss of a body constituent which is necessary for the organism's survival and normal function.
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What does hormone replacement therapy do?
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It involves the attempt to replace, or substitute, the lost constituent with a similar exogenous substance with comparable properties and actions.
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What is oraganotherapy?
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Suggested that “internal secretions” were produced by organs such as the testis, and that disease and aging resulted from their deficiency.
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From what Greek word and meaning does the word "hormones" stem from?
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Greek: "I arouse to activity. I excite."
This term was introduced by Starling in 1905 following the discovery of secretin by Bayliss. |
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What was the significance of Sequard's work?
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He introduced the idea that some glands secrete internally (in the blood) potent substances that affect the whole organism.
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What are some problems with hormone replacement therapy in the aging?
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1) Complexity of the endocrine system,.
2) Loss or insufficiency of endogenous hormones. 3) Target cells are themselves aging and may not be as responsive as they should be. 4) Changes in hormones and their targets due to disease and degenerative processes. |
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What are some hormone replacement strategies?
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1) Adrenal sex steroids and DHEA.
2) GH. 3) Insulin. 4) Reproductive hormones. |
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What hormone is the principal adrenal androgen? How does it's concentrations change throughout life? Is DHEA levels higher in men or women?
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DHEA. It is relatively high age 1, then decreases sharply afterwards. Low levels of DHEA are maintained until age 10, after which levels increase rapidly and peak at age 20. After age 20, DHEA levels decrease slowly. DHEA levels are higher in men.
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Increases mortality is associated with higher levels of baseline ______ in men but not with women.
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DHEA.
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What are some epidemiological evidence of low DHEA levels in the elderly?
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1) Higher cardiovascular mortality.
2) Found in the following: -Autoimmune disease. -Dementia. -Breast cancer. |
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DHEA levels may be indicative of what or predictive of what?
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It may be indicative of severe disease and predictive of a future disease.
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What is DHEA replacement therapy beneficial in?
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1) Adrenal insufficiency.
2) Elderly with impaired mood, cognition, or sexual function. 3) Healthy elderly? |
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An experiment in 1990 in which a small group of elderly men were injected with hGH showed what?
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The elderly men injected with hGH over a six month period showed a small increase in muscle mass and bone density. This showed that GH and IGF-1 might have a role from decreased muscle and bone in the elderly.
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IGF and GH serum levels undergo what change in the elderly, and nocturnal peak is _______. This is possibly due to what?
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IGF and GH serum levels tend to decrease in the elderly. Nocturnal peak is weak or absent. This is possibly be due to:
-Decreased GHRH. -Increased GHIH (somatostatin). -Stress. |
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A 1998 study of ICU patients who underwent GH treatment showed what?
This was attributed to what? |
-Mortality increased from 19% to 44% in patients having GH therapy for 7-14 days.
-Length of hospital stay was prolonged by GH therapy. All this could be attributed to: -Decreased immune function -Increased insulin resistance -Multi-Organ Failure |
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What are two examples of HGH enhancers?
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1) Non-injectable HGH.
2) Herbal equivalents designed to release the body’s own GH May elevate GH equivalent to that achieved by eating a steak. 3) Oral HGH is broken down by the digestive process. |
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What are two types of hormones used after menopause? What are each of these taken with to increase efficacy? What is the optimum dose? What are the possible consequences of its use?
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1) Estrogen-taken often with progestin. Optimal dose is the lowest dose in the shortest duration to treat symptoms.
2) Progestins-taken with estrogen to reduce the incidents of endometrial cancer. Other products may be used for osteoporosis treatment. Cardiovascular risks may outweigh the benefits. |
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What are the risks of HT in which estrogen and progestin are administered together?
What are the negative risk factors? |
1) Breast cancer.
2) Heart disease. 3) Stroke. 4) Blood clots 5) Dementia. Negative risk factors: 1) Reduced hip fractures (due to osteoporosis). 2) Reduced incidence of colon cancer. |
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What are some benefits of HT in which estrogen and progestin are administered together?
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1) Relieves Short-Term Symptoms of Menopause:
-Hot Flashes. -Sweats. -Disturbed Sleep. 2) May also help prevent colon cancer and age-related vision loss. |
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What are some alternatives to hormone replacement therapy?
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1) Maintain a healthy diet.
-Don't smoke. -Be physically active. -Eat a low-fat, high-fiber diet, plentiful in fresh fruits and vegetables. -Maintain a healthy weight. -Manage high blood pressure. -Keep cholesterol and triglyceride levels in check. -Control diabetes. -Avoid excess alcohol. 2) Healthy bones. -Calcium and vitamin D. -Exercise. |
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What does hormone replacement therapy attempt to do?
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Hormone replacement therapy involves the attempt to replace, or substitute, the lost constituent with a similar exogenous substance with comparable properties and actions.
-Dose, duration, metabolism, target cells, and side effects |
