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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Year before, it was decided that neurons could not proliferate. They can, however, but require what?
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The correct neural environment.
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What are the four types of neurons that have potential to proliferate into
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1) Neural progenitors lining the cerebral ventricles
2) Neurons in the hippocampus 3) Neurons usually dormant with potential for neural and glial proliferation. 4) Neuroglia, microglia, with the ability to perpetually self-renew and produce the three types of cells. |
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Neuronal cells depend on both the whole body environment as well as the neural microenvironment. What are these?
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Neural: Brain metabolism (oxygen, free radicals, circulatory changes) and hormonal changes.
Whole Body: Exercise, nutrition, circulation, education, stress, and others. |
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What race of people (and what sex and what level of education?) have the lowest death rates?
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White females with higher education.
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What are the mechanisms of educations effects? There are six discussed in class.
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1) Increased access to health care and recreational activity.
2) Better nutrition. 3) Higher income. 4) Responsibility to health behaviors. 5) Less alcohol and smoking intake. 6) Possible increased brain reserve activity? |
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What is the process of "deundation" of the neurons in aging people?
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They start to lose their dendritic branchings.
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T/F. Astrocytes can multiply and differentiate into neurons.
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T.
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Evidence show that there are cells in the brain that can divide. These cells are located in the following places:
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1) Hippocampus
2) Olfactory bulbs 3) Ependymal cells (proximity to the ventricles) 4) Glial cells |
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All neural tissue comes from one single parent tissue called.
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Neural epithelium.
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How is the correlation between educational protection effects and anatomy seen?
What was the area of the brain studied? |
Mean and total dendritic length and number of dendritic segments.
Layers 2 and 3 of Wernicke's Area. |
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After a neural epithelium becomes a spongioblast, what is the only way that it can become a functional neuron?
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Having the spongioblast become a migratory spongioblast, which can become a spongioblast.
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What is the cell type that neural cells take on prior to becoming a neuron and after becoming a neural epithelium.
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Neuroblast
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What three kinds of cells can a spongioblast differentiate into?
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1) Astrocyte
2) Ependyma 3) Migratory spongioblast |
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Proliferation of neuralglial cells is most effective with FGF at what dose, peaking in what day?
What about with EGF? |
FGF-most effectively at 80 ng/ml, peaking at day 8.
EGF-most effective at 50 ng/ml, peaking at day 10. |
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Assays of enzymatic activity (for example, that of an astrocytic marker) show that, with increasing proliferation, an increase/decrease of activity, and therefore an increase/decrease of astrocytic specificity, which is related to the degree of its differentiation.
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Decrease of activity with a decrease in astrocytic specificity. So less differentiation with increase of proliferation
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Can motor function regulate brain activity? By what mechanism?
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Yes. Brain regulates motor function, and reciprocally, motor function regulates brain activity.
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Can one's activity change one's brain structure?
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Yes.
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What is the process used for muscle regeneration in the old?
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Heterochronic parabiosis.
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What happens to the terminally differentiated cells at an amputated newt limb?
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The terminally differentiated cells de-differentiate into blastema cells and re differentiate to reconstitute the lost limb.
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After lentectomy, the cells near the near the lens do what and what is the consequence of it?
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The cells de-differentiate and then re differentiate to form perfect lens cells.
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De-differentiated myotubes produce ________ cells that ________ to form adipocytes and osteoblasts.
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Mysenchymal progenitor cells. re-differentiate.
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What are the possible signs of increased brain reserve capacity caused by education ?
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1) Increased dendritic branching and cortical synapses
2) Increased cerebral branching. 3) Better neural cell efficiency, adaptability, survival, growth, and redundancy. |
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In the anatomical vs educational level studies, what were the four variables studied?
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1) Gender
2) Hemisphere 3) Education 4) Personal history |
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How does hormones correlate with neural cell proliferation?
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1) Increases dendritic number and length
2) Increases reactive synpatogenesis. |
