Mcat Psych 04

Front 1

Self-concept or self-identity

Back 1

The sum of an individual's knowledge and understanding of his or herself

Front 2

Self reference effect

Back 2

The tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

Someone who is smart and gets a bad grade may attribute it to a lack of sleep

Front 3

According to Carl Rogers....

Back 3

personality is composed of the ideal self and the real self

Front 4

Ideal self vs Real Self

Back 4

Ideal self: constructed out of your life experiences, societal expectations, and the things you admire about role models

Real self: the person you actually are

When the ideal and real self are similar, the result is a positive self-concept

Front 5

Self efficacy

Back 5

A belief in one's own competence and effectiveness. It's how cable we believe we are of doing things

Front 6

Locus of control

Back 6

Internal

External

Front 7

Self esteem

Back 7

One's overall self-evaluation of one's self-worth

Front 8

Charles Cooley

Back 8

sociologist who posited the idea of the looking glass self, the idea that a person's sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and perception of others

Front 9

Socialization

Back 9

the process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society; to os a lifelong, sociological process where people learn attitudes, values, and beliefs that are reinforced by a particular culture

Front 10

Every society has spoken or unspoken rules and expectations for the behavior of its member called _____

Back 10

Norms

Front 11

Mores

Back 11

Are norms that are highly important for the benefit of society and so are often strictly enforced.

Ex. animal abuse and treason are break mores in the US and carry punishments

Front 12

Folkways

Back 12

Are norms that are less important but shape everyday behavior (for example styles of dress, ways of greeting)

Front 13

Cultural assimilation

Back 13

A + B + C ---> A

Front 14

Cultural amalgamation

Back 14

A + B + C ---> D

Front 15

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 15

American psychologist, expanded on Jean Piaget's theory of moral development in children

Front 16

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

Back 16

Obedience and punishment orientation

Self-interest orientation

Interpersonal accord and conformity

Authority and social-order maintaining orientation

Social contract orientation

Universal ethical principles

Front 17

Attribution theory

Back 17

Explains how individuals view behavior. Individuals attribute behavior to internal causes (dispositional attribution) or external causes (situational attribution)

Front 18

Fundamental attribution error

Back 18

We tend to assume that people are how they act. Driver who cuts you off is a jerk.

Front 19

Self-serving bias

Back 19

The tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment

Front 20

Optimism bias

Back 20

Belief that bad things happen to other people but not us

Front 21

just world phenomenon

Back 21

Tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

Front 22

halo effect

Back 22

Tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual character. (he is nice, therefore he must be a good dad)

Front 23

Prejudice

Back 23

Thoughts, attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are not based on actual experience. Prejudgement or biased thinking about a group and its members

Front 24

Discrimination

Back 24

involves acting a certain way toward a group

Front 25

Scapegoats

Back 25

The unfortunate people at whom displaced aggression is directed

Front 26

Ethnocentrism

Back 26

The tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Front 27

Cultural relativism

Back 27

Judging another culture based on its own standards

Front 28

Primary groups serve ______

Back 28

Expressive functions (meeting emotional needs)

Front 29

Secondary groups serve _______

Back 29

Instrumental functions (meeting pragmatic needs)

Front 30

Deindividuation

Back 30

Losing an individual identity in exchange for identifying with a group or mob mentality

Front 31

Group polarization

Back 31

Group's tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members. Although a person support an idea, when in a group he will support it more strongly

Front 32

Group think

Back 32

A state of agreement within a group that may lead to terrible decisions. Everyone favors the leader's decisions to prevent conflict

Front 33

Deviance

Back 33

A violation of society's standards of conduct or expectations.

Society often devalues deviant members by assigning demeaning labels, called stigma

Front 34

Solomon Asch

Back 34

Tested the effects of peer pressure. He discovered conformity or the phenomenon of adjusting behavior or thinking based on the behavior or thinking of others.

Second guessing an answer after someone answers differently

Front 35

Normative social influence

Back 35

When the motivation for compliance is desire for the approval of others and to avoid rejection

Front 36

Informational social influence

Back 36

The process of complying because we want to do the right thing and feel like others "know something I don't know"

Front 37

Utilitarian organization

Back 37

Those in which members get paid for their efforts, such as business

Front 38

Normative Organizations

Back 38

Motivate membership based on morally relevant goals, for example Mothers against drunk drivers (MADD)

Front 39

Coercive organizations

Back 39

Those for which members do not have a choice in joining (for example prison)

Front 40

Empathy

Back 40

The ability to identify with others' emotions

Front 41

Foraging behavior

Back 41

describes the search for and exploitation of food resources by animals

Front 42

Inclusive fitness

Back 42

The number of offsprings the organism has, how it supports its offspring, and how its offspring support others in a group

Front 43

Altruistic behavior

Back 43

Helps ensure the success or survival of the rest of a social group, possibly at the expense of the success or survival of the individual

Front 44

Game theory

Back 44

Used to try and predict large, complex systems, such as the overall behavior of a population

Front 45

Stanley Milgram's experiment

Back 45

Tested effects of an authority figure on an individual behavior. Electric shock was fakery given to a person while another person was given orders to keep shocking