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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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sigma bonds
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form through end-on-end overlap of hybrid orbitals
Ex: Sp3-Sp3 sigma bond, Sp3-Sp bond ( ie: ) 2 e- localized between 2 nuclei |
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Pi Bonds
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form through side-to-side overlap of unhybridized p orbitals
double bonds = 1 pi triple bonds= 2 pi |
2 e- localized to the region opposite sides of the plane
ie: proper, parallel |
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Formula for degree of unsaturation
causes vs non-causes |
2C + 2 - H/2
causes: double bonds, rings. carbonyl compounds, triple bonds (2* saturation) NOT causes: alcohol, ether, amine groups |
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Isomers
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same molecular formula, different structures
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Constitutional isomers
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Different bond connectivity
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Conformational isomers
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Differ by rotation around a sigma bond
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Stereoisomers
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Same bond connectivity, different spatial arrangement of atoms.
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Enantiomers (R/S)
(properties?) Optical Activity |
non-identical mirror images (chiral)
have SAME mp/bp,dipole moments and polarity |
Optical Activity: R/S is independent of this.
Right = + Left = - |
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Meso
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Contains chiral centers and an internal plane of symmetry
ONLY 3 stereoisomers exist |
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Diastereomers
(properties?) |
stereoisomers that are not enantiomers, what happens when you have 2+ sterocenters (one is kept constant and other(s) change)
Properties: different mp/bp, can be separated by distillation |
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Racemic mixture
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won't bend light, optical activity = 0. 50/50 mix of R/S
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Geometric isomers
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Diastereomers that differ in orientation of substituents around a ring or double bond.
E/Z, Cis/Trans |
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Epimers
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Diastereomers that differ in absolute configuration at only one chiral center
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Anomers
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Epimers that form as a result of ring closure.
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MP/BP rules
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how well identical molecules interact (attract) each other - interact with LD forces
1) increasing branching decreases 2) increasing mw increases |
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Strong Acids
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H2SO4, HNO3, HCL, HBR, HI
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Rank of organic compound acidity
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Strong acids> Sulfonic acids> Carboxylic acids> Phenols > Alcohols and Water > Carbonyls > sp > sp2 > sp3
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Ring Strain
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when bond angles of a ring atoms deviate from the ideal angle predicted by hybridization of atoms.
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Examples
Cyclopropane: very strained, 60 degrees Cyclobutane: unstable, strained, 88 degrees Cyclopentane: low degree of strain (near 109) Cyclohexane: strain free! (near 109) |
